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Alcohols Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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2
Q

What suffix is given to an alcohol?

A

-ol

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3
Q

What is the rule with the number of OH groups?

A
  • If you have one OH group on the alkyl chain, the e is taken off the name. But if there is more than one OH group the e stays on the alkyl chain name.
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4
Q

What is the angle of C-O-H?

A

About 105 degrees because the 109.5 angle of a perfect tetrahedron is “squeezed down” by the presence of the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen.

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5
Q

What are the physical properites of alcohols?

A

Higher melting points thank alkanes of a similar mass because hydrogen bonding occurs in OH group which is stronger than van der Waals.

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6
Q

What is the solubility of alcohol?

A

Short chain alcohols are soluble as hydrogen bonds can form between the OH groups and water molecules.

However, long chain alcohols are insoluble as the non-polar hydrocarbon chain dominates.

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7
Q

What do polar molecules dissolve in?

A

Polar solvents

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8
Q

What do non-polar molecules dissolve in?

A

Non-polar solvents

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9
Q

What are the two processes for ethanol production?

A

Fermentation and Hydration of ethene

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10
Q

What is the equation for fermentation?

A

C6H12O6 (aq) —> 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2(g)

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11
Q

What are the conditions for fermentation?

A

30-40 C temperature
Yeast catalyst

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12
Q

What is the raw material and waste products of Fermentation?

A
  • glucose (sugar)
  • Carbon dioxide
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13
Q

What is the process of fermentation called?

A

Batch process

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14
Q

What are the costs of the process fermentation?

A
  • Cheap equipment but high labour costs
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15
Q

What is the rate of fermentation like?

A

Very slow

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16
Q

What is the quality of the products during fermentation?

A

Very impure ( fractional distillation is needed as yeast is still present)

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17
Q

What are the environmental issues with fermentation?

A

Sugar is renewable however lots of land is needed to grow the sugar cane

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18
Q

What is the equation for the hydration of ethene?

A

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ C2H5OH(l)

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19
Q

What are the conditions for the hydration of ethene?

A
  • 300 C temperature
  • 6 atm
  • H3PO4 catalyst (Phosphoric acid)
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20
Q

What is the raw material used in hydration of ethene and what are the waste products?

A

Ethene from oil is the raw material and there are no waste products

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21
Q

What type of process is the hydration of ethene?

A

Continuous process

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22
Q

What are the costs of the hydration of ethene?

A

Expensive equipment needed but low labour costs

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23
Q

What is the rate of hydration of ethene like?

A

Very fast

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24
Q

What is the quality of the product like?

A

Pure

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25
What are the environmental issues of the hydration of ethene?
Ethene comes from crude oil which isn't sustainable
26
What is a biofuel?
Fuel produced from renewable, biological sources
27
What is the definition of carbon neutral?
An activity that has no net annual carbon ( greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere.
28
What are the steps in prooving ethanol is a carbon-neutral fuel?
- During photosynthesis plant use carbon dioxide to produce glucose 6CO2 + 6H20 ---> C6H1206 + 6O2 - In fermentation, glucose is converted to ethanol C6H12O6 ---> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 - When ethanol is burned, CO2 + H20 are produced 2C2H5OH + 6O2 ---> 4CO2 + 6H20 2C02 + 4CO2--> 6CO2
29
What is the general formula of an aldehyde?
,,,,,,O l l R - C - H
30
What is the general formula of a Ketone?
,,,,,,O ll C / \ R R'
31
What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?
,,, O ll / \ R OH
32
What are primary alcohols oxidised into?
Aldehydes
33
What can aldehydes further oxidise into?
Carboxylic acids
34
What are secondary alcohols oxidised into?
Ketones
35
What are tertiary alcohols oxidised into?
They are not easily oxidised
36
What is the oxidising agent used to test for alcohols?
Acidified Potassium Dichromate
37
What colour does the orange solution turn if the oxidisation of an alcohol has occured?
Orange to green
38
What colour will the orange solution turn when oxidation hasn't taken place?
Remains orange
39
What products do you get when you partially oxidise primary alcohols?
Aldehyde and water
40
What group do Aldehydes contain?
Carbonyl group
41
What is the suffix for an aldehyde?
-al
42
What are the conditions for the partial oxidation of primary alcohols?
- Excess alcohol and no reflux - Distill aldehyde straight away
43
What are the conditions for the full oxidation of primary alcohols?
Excess of oxidising agent and under reflux
44
What are the conditions for the oxidation of secondary alcohols to form a ketone and water?
Altering conditions doesn't change products as only a ketone can be made. - Under reflux
45
What is the suffix for a ketone?
-one
46
What does reflux mean?
The process of boiling reactants while continually cooling the vapour returning it back to the flask as a liquid
47
Why can't tertiary alcohols be oxidised?
- No hydrogen attached to the carbon for the oxidising agent to remove
48
What are the three tests that are used to test for aldehydes and ketones?
- Fehling's solution - Tollens' Reagent - Acidified Potassium dichromate
49
What are the observations for aldehydes and ketones with the Fehling's solution test?
If an aldehyde is present the solution will change from a clear, blue solution to a brick red precipitate. Doesn't work with Ketones
50
What are the observations for aldehydes and ketones with the Tollens' Reagent?
If an aldehyde is present the solution will turn from a clear colourless solution to a silver mirror. Doesn't work with ketones so nothing happens
51
What are the observations for aldehydes and ketones with Acidified Potassium Dichromate?
- If a ketone is present then the colour will remain orange - If aldehydes are present then the solution will turn from orange to green
52
What is another name for the dehydration reactions with alcohols?
Elimination
53
What are the conditions and reagents for the elimination reactions with alcohol?
- Excess hot sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid - 170 C - Under reflux
54
What are the products of the dehydration of alcohols?
Alkene and water
55
Draw a diagram of the method of simple distillation. ( check in notes)
56
Why is a pear-shaped flask used in simple distillation ?
Aids swirling and has a bigger surface which allows more even heating.
57
Why are anti-bumping granules used in simple distillation?
Prevents vigorous boiling/ to prevent the formation of large bubbles
58
What is the position of the thermometer in simple distillation?
Must be at the opening of the Liebig condenser so that you can check the temperature of the vapours you are collecting
59
Where should water enter and leave the condenser?
Water should enter at the bottom and leave at the top
60
What are the improvements that could be made in simple distillation?
- An ice bath should be set up where the distillate is collected to ensure no vapours escape ( loss of products)
61
What is the general formula of an aldehyde and a ketone?
CnH2nO
62
What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?
CnH2n+1COOH
63
How many Carbons does a ketone need to have for you to say which carbon the functional group is on?
5 or more

Chemistry (12 decks)

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