Alcohols Flashcards
what are alcohols?
organic compounds which are characterised by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.
how do you name an alcohol?
by using the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain and end with the suffix ‘-ol’.
what is the general formula of alcohols?
CnH2n+1OH
what are primary alcohols?
primary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to one other carbon atom (or alkyl group), they are the least stable.
what can you say about the flammability of primary alcohols?
primary alcohols are more flammable as the flammability of the alcohols is decreased with an increase in the size and the mass of the molecule.
what can you say about the solubility of primary alcohols?
primary alcohols are completely soluble in the water and if two of them are mixed in any proportion, it produces a single solution.
what may affect the solubility of alcohols?
an increase in the length of hydrocarbon chain, the solubility is decreased.
what are secondary alcohols?
secondary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms (or alkyl groups).
what are tertiary alcohols?
tertiary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms (or alkyl groups)
which alcohols can be mildly oxidised with acidified K2Cr2O7
primary and secondary alcohols.
what do primary alcohols get oxidised into?
primary alcohols get mildly oxidised to aldehydes.
what does the further oxidation of aldehydes produces?
carboxylic acid.
what do secondary alcohols oxidise into?
secondary alcohols get mildly oxidised to ketones.
do tertiary alcohols oxidise, and why?
no, tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation under typical conditions because they lack a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl (-OH) group.
explain the colour change when primary and secondary alcohols oxidation?
only the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols will change the colour of K2Cr2O7 solution as the orange Cr2O72- ions are reduced to green Cr3+ ions.
what does their high boiling point affect?
alcohols are less volatile than alkanes due to their high boiling points.
what bonding is involved in alcohols?
due to their hydroxyl group, they can form london dispersion forces which are weak intermolecular forces which do not require as much energy to break and hydrogen bonds which are strong intermolecular forces that require large amounts of energy to break.
why do alcohols have hydrogen bonding?
alcohols have hydrogen bonding because they contain hydrogen atoms bonded to highly electronegative oxygen atoms, which allows them to form strong hydrogen bonds with other electronegative atoms.