Alcohols Flashcards

1
Q

what are alcohols?

A

organic compounds which are characterised by the presence of a hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.

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2
Q

how do you name an alcohol?

A

by using the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain and end with the suffix ‘-ol’.

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3
Q

what is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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4
Q

what are primary alcohols?

A

primary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to one other carbon atom (or alkyl group), they are the least stable.

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5
Q

what can you say about the flammability of primary alcohols?

A

primary alcohols are more flammable as the flammability of the alcohols is decreased with an increase in the size and the mass of the molecule.

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6
Q

what can you say about the solubility of primary alcohols?

A

primary alcohols are completely soluble in the water and if two of them are mixed in any proportion, it produces a single solution.

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7
Q

what may affect the solubility of alcohols?

A

an increase in the length of hydrocarbon chain, the solubility is decreased.

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8
Q

what are secondary alcohols?

A

secondary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms (or alkyl groups).

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9
Q

what are tertiary alcohols?

A

tertiary alcohols are alcohols in which the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms (or alkyl groups)

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10
Q

which alcohols can be mildly oxidised with acidified K2Cr2O7

A

primary and secondary alcohols.

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11
Q

what do primary alcohols get oxidised into?

A

primary alcohols get mildly oxidised to aldehydes.

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12
Q

what does the further oxidation of aldehydes produces?

A

carboxylic acid.

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13
Q

what do secondary alcohols oxidise into?

A

secondary alcohols get mildly oxidised to ketones.

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14
Q

do tertiary alcohols oxidise, and why?

A

no, tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation under typical conditions because they lack a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl (-OH) group.

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15
Q

explain the colour change when primary and secondary alcohols oxidation?

A

only the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols will change the colour of K2Cr2O7 solution as the orange Cr2O72- ions are reduced to green Cr3+ ions.

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16
Q

what does their high boiling point affect?

A

alcohols are less volatile than alkanes due to their high boiling points.

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17
Q

what bonding is involved in alcohols?

A

due to their hydroxyl group, they can form london dispersion forces which are weak intermolecular forces which do not require as much energy to break and hydrogen bonds which are strong intermolecular forces that require large amounts of energy to break.

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18
Q

why do alcohols have hydrogen bonding?

A

alcohols have hydrogen bonding because they contain hydrogen atoms bonded to highly electronegative oxygen atoms, which allows them to form strong hydrogen bonds with other electronegative atoms.

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19
Q

in terms of water, how does hydrogen bonding occur for alcohols?

A

water molecules are polar, with the oxygen atom being more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms. this polarity leads to partial positive (δ+) charges on the hydrogen atoms and a partial negative (δ-) charge on the oxygen atom.
the partially positively charged hydrogen atoms in water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with the lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom of alcohol molecules.
similarly, the partially negatively charged oxygen atom in water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with the hydrogen atoms of alcohol molecules.

20
Q

explain the trend in boiling points of alcohols in comparison to alkanes?

A

due to the presence of hydrogen bonding, the boiling points of alcohols is slightly higher than alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms, but only slightly. this is due to there being more london dispersion forces present than hydrogen bonds.

21
Q

explain the solubility of alcohols?

A

highly soluble, due to hydrogen bonds being formed with water. but as length of carbon chain increases, the solubility decreases as non-polar carbon chain cannot form hydrogen bonds, it is only the -OH (hydroxyl) functional group.

22
Q

what methods may be used to form alcohols?

A

electrophilic addition
oxidation
nucleophilic substitution
reduction of aldehydes/ketones
reduction of carboxylic acids
hydrolysis of esters.

23
Q

outline the reagent, conditions and product of electrophilic addition.

A

reagent- alkene steam
conditions- heat + H3PO4 catalyst
product- alcohol

24
Q

outline the reagent, conditions and product of oxidation.

A

reagent- alkenes + cold dilute, KMnO4
conditions- shaking reagents
product- diol

25
Q

outline the reagent, conditions and product of nucleophilic substitution.

A

reagent- haloalkanes + aqueous NaOH
conditions- heat
product- alcohol

26
Q

outline the reagent, conditions and product of reduction of aldehydes/ketones.

A

reagent- aldehydes or ketones
conditions- NaBH4 or LiAlH4
product- primary/secondary alcohols

27
Q

outline the reagent, conditions and product of reduction on carboyxlic acids.

A

reagent- carboxylic acid
conditions- NaBH4 or LiAlH4 or H2 using a nickel catalyst and heat
product- primary alcohol

28
Q

outline the reagent, conditions and product of hydrolysis.

A

reagent- esters
conditions- dilute acid or alkali heat
product- alcohol

29
Q

what does dehydration of alcohols produce?

A

an alkene.

30
Q

in dehydration what is eliminated and why?

A

water is eliminated from ethanol as ethanol is heated with a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst.

31
Q

what is the chemical equation for this dehydration reaction?

A

C2H5OH → CH2=CH2 + H2O

32
Q

describe the mechanism of a dehydration reaction.

A

1- a lone pair of electrons from the oxygen bonds to an H+ from the acid. the alcohol is protonated, giving the oxygen a positive charge.
2- the positively charged oxygen pulls electrons away from the carbon. H2O molecule leaves, creating an unstable carbocation intermediate.
3- the carbocation intermediate loses an H+ and an alkene is formed.

33
Q

what may occur within dehydration of longer, unsymmetrical alcohols?

A

may result in more than one product because the double bond can go on either side of the carbon that had the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group attached to it. (this is because isomerism is shown, specifically position isomerism)

34
Q

how can you purify (remove unwanted by-products or leftover reactants from the reaction mixture) the product of a reaction?

A

distillation is a technique which uses the fact that different chemicals have different boiling points, thus this can be used to separate them.

35
Q

explain distillation in terms of purification. (potential 6 marker, so parrot this!!!!)

A

(example of cyclohexene from cyclohexanol used)
1- add conc. H2SO4 amd H2PO4 to a round bottom flask comtaining cyclohexanol. mix the solution by swirling the flask and add carborundum boiling chips (these make the mixture boil more calmly, also called anti-bumping granules).
2- connect the flask to the rest of the distillation apparatus, including a thermometer, condenser and cooled collection flask.
3- gently heat the mixture in the flask to around 82°C(boiling point of cyclohexene, for whatever product the question asks the boiling point will be listed) using a waterbath.
4- chemicals within the specific boiling point will evaporate and warm gas will rise out the flask into the condenser.
5- condenser, which has cold water running through the outside, will cause the gas to convert gas back into liquid.
6- liquid product will then be collected at cooled flask.

36
Q

how can you purify this product collected at the cooled flask even further?

A

1- transfer the product mixture to a separating funnel and add water to dissolve the water soluble impurities and create an aqueous solution.
2- allow mixture to layer. drain off the aqueous layer at the bottom leaving behind the impure cyclohexene.
3- drain off this into a round-bottomed flask.
4- add anhydous CaCl2 and stopper to the flask. let mixture dry for 20 mins with occasional swirling.
5- cyclohexene may still have small amounts of impurities so distil it again.

37
Q

what does hydrating alkenes with the presence of an acid catalyst produce?

A

alcohols.

38
Q

what is the general equation for the reaction?

A

CnH2n + H2O ⇌ CnH2n+1OH

39
Q

list the conditions,drawbacks and positives for steam hydration ?

A

strong acid catalyst (conc. H3PO4)
high temperatures of 300°C
high pressures of 60 atm
uses a lot of energy
expensive
fast+continuous- higher purity of product.

40
Q

outline the mechanism of hydration of alkenes.

A

1- a pair of electrons from the double bond bonds to an H+ from the acid. forms a carbocation.
2- a lone pair of electrons form a water molecule bonds to the carbocation.
3- the water loses a H+, as the oxygen is not positively charged, forming an alcohol.

41
Q

list the conditions,drawbacks and positives for fermentation of glucose?

A

requires no O2
low temperatures of 30-40°C
requires yeast
renewable and low set up cost.
batch process
labour intensive
needs distillation to purify
ethics using food

42
Q

what is the equation for fermentation of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

43
Q

what is a biofuel?

A

made from a biological material that recently died. e.g. sugars from sugar cane can be fermented to form ethanol which can be added to petrol. ethanol formed in this way can be called bioethanol

44
Q

list the advantages of biofuel use.

A

renewable energy sources- wont run out, thus more sustainable.
carbon neutral- no net release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

45
Q

list the disadvantages of biofuel use.

A

impact on food supply: leads to an increase in food prices.
environmental problems: deforestation to grow crops for biofuels + release of CO2
fertilisers are often added to soils in order to increases biofuel crop production. these may release nitrous oxides, green house gas.

46
Q

how do you test for aldehydes and ketones?

A

Fehling’s solution and Benedict’s solution are both deep blue Cu2+ complexes, which reduce to a brick-red Cu2O precipitate wjen warmed with an aldehyde but stay blue with a ketone.
Tollens’ reagent is colourless- it’s reduced to silver when warmed with an aldehyde (silver mirror)

47
Q

how do you test for carboxylic acid?

A

1- add 2cm^3 of the solution you are testing into a test tube.
2- add 1 small spatula pf solid sodium carbonate.
3- if the solution begins to fizz and bubble put the gas that is produces through some limewater in a second test tube.
4- CO2 should be produced in presence of a carboxylic acid so limewater should turn cloudy.