Alcohol Key Words Flashcards
Aldehydes
Containing carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain
Formed at partial oxidation of primary alcohols
Carbocation
Ion containing positively charged carbon atom
Formed as an intermediate in the hydration of alkenes into alcohols
Carbonyl group
-C=O group
In aldehydes and ketones
Carboxyl group
-COOH group
Found in carboxylic acids
Carbonyl group
Hydroxyl group
Carboxylic acids
Carboxyl group
Complete oxidisation of primary alcohols
Elimination
A reaction where atoms are lost from a molecule and not replaced
E.g. Elimination of water from an alcohol to form alkene
Esterification
Where alcohols and carboxylic acids are refluxed in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
Fehling’s solution
Alkaline copper(ii) used to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones Copper(ii) reduced to copper(i) leading to a blue to brick red colour change
Fermentation
Method of producing ethanol by mixing yeast and water with sugar
Hydration
Water added to a C=C
E.g. Addition of water to an alkene to get an alcohol
Hydroxyl group
-OH group
Keytones
Containing the carbonyl group in the middle of a chain
Partial oxidisation of secondary alcohols
Oxidising agent
Chemical used to oxidise
E.g. Potassium Dichromate (VI)
Used in the oxidisation of alcohols
Positional isomerism
Form of structural isomerism
Exhibited by alcohols
Molecules have the same formula but -OH is attached to another carbon
Primary alcohol
Where the hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon with one R group attached
Reducing agent
Reduces another species
E.g. Sodium Borohydride used in reduction reduction in aldehydes and ketones
Refluxing
Reaction mixture is heated in a flask.
Reactants vaporise and condense repeatedly, dripping repeatedly back into the reaction mixture
R group
Shorthand for the rest of a carbon change
Secondary alcohol
Two R groups attached to the carbon that the -OH is attached to
Silver mirror test
Distinguish between aldehydes and ketones
Substance added to Tollen’s reagent
In the presence of an aldehyde, Ag(NH3)2 is reduced to form a shiny mirror in the test tube
Tertiary alcohol
Where there are 3 R groups attached to the carbon that the -OH is attached to
Tollen’s reagent
Formed from silver nitrate(aq) and sodium hydroxide(aq) to form precipitate of silver(I) oxide
Ammonia(aq) is added until precipitate dissolves
Alcohols
General formula C(n)H(2n+1)OH
Hydroxyl functional group
