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KIN 230- Active Health > Alcohol and Substance Use/Misuse > Flashcards

Alcohol and Substance Use/Misuse Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Any substance taken to change the way you feel and function

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2
Q

Drug Misuse

A

The taking of a drug for a purpose or by a person other than that for which it was medically intended

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3
Q

Drug Abuse

A

Excessive drug use that is inconsistent with accepted medical practice.

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4
Q

How do drugs enter the body?

A

Oral ingestion (most common)
Inhalation
Injection
Inunction

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5
Q

Three types of injection

A

Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous

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6
Q

Intravenous Injection

A

Enters bloodstream, immediately
Injected into a vein
In medical practice, used for emergent situations

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7
Q

Intramuscular Injection

A

Injected into muscle tissue
Slower, more consistent diffusion
Used for vaccinations or antibiotics

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8
Q

Subcutaneous Injection

A

Injected into fatty layer beneath skin
Wide range of absorption (10-24 hours)

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9
Q

Inunction

A

Applying ointment topically OR by applying adhesive patches containing a drug to the skin

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10
Q

Over-the-counter (OTC) Drugs

A

Medications that can be obtained without a prescription from a medical professional.

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11
Q

Some common OTC drugs…

A

Aspirin
Advil
Tylenol
monistat
nasal sprays
eye drops
sleep aids
nicotine patches/gum
cough syrup

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12
Q

Aspirin/Advil Side Effects

A

Damage to the lining of the stomach and stomach ulcers when used in excess.

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13
Q

Tylenol

A

Kidney problems

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14
Q

Nasal Sprays

A

Relieve congestion by shrinking blood vessels in the nose.
Overuse causes inflammation of these blood vessels leading to swelling and increased congestion.
Sometimes can lead to complete loss of smell.

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15
Q

Laxatives

A

Can irritate lining of intestines and cause muscles to contract/tighten.
Worsen constipation.

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16
Q

Eye Drops

A

Make blood vessels in the eyes contract.
Overuse can lead to these blood vessels expanding leading to redder eyes

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17
Q

Cough Syrup

A

Chugging cough syrup has similar effects to ecstasy

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18
Q

Prescription Drugs

A

In 2018, prescription medication expenditures reached 28.8 billion dollars, compared to 17.8 billion in 2006.
Doctors sometimes overdose or underdose, omit information about prescriptions, order incorrect dosage forms, or fail to recognize a patient’s allergy to the drug.
Patients often take prescription drugs without discussing the risks with their physicians or fail to follow the prescription protocol.

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19
Q

Common Prescription Drugs

A

Opioids
Sedatives
Stimulants
Antibiotics

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20
Q

Opioids

A

High strength pain reliever used in the general population (15 years and older).
Reported by 13% of Canadians in 2018 (14% of females and 11% of males).
21% of users reported daily or almost-daily usage.
Often used to get high.

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21
Q

Sedatives

A

10% of Canadians use sedatives which has remained fairly constant since 2008 (14% of females and 7% of males).
Most commonly used by older adults.

22
Q

Stimulants

A

Often prescribed for ADHD.
1% of Canadians use stimulants.
Most commonly used by youths.

23
Q

Antibiotics

A

Used to treat infections.
Includes penicillin, sulpha drugs, barbiturates.

24
Q

Prescription Drugs Non-Adherence

A

Not properly taking prescription drugs.
~10% of people cited cost for their non-adherence. Other reported using the drug for the experience, for the feeling it causes, or to get high.
When non-adherence to prescription drugs occurs, dangers include recurrent infections, serious medical complications, and emergency hospital treatment.

25
Q

Physical Side Effects of Prescription Drugs

A

Heart failure
Heart attacks
Seizures
Kidney and liver failure
Severe blood disorders
Birth defects
Blindness
Memory problems
Allergic reactions

26
Q

Psychological Effects of Prescription Drugs

A

Often overlooked by patients/doctors, and sometimes intentionally not mentioned by doctors so as not to scare patients away from them
Includes…
-change the way people think, feel, and behave
-mania
-depression
-mood disturbances
-delirium
-disorientation

27
Q

Substance Use Disorders

A

Addiction
Dependence

28
Q

Addiction

A

Harmful behaviour connected with any kind of substance abuse.
Might mean loss of control, negative consequences, denial.

29
Q

Dependence

A

A need for one or more drug to function.
Can be psychological or physical.
Not always an addiction.

30
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

Emotional or mental attachment to use of a drug; feeling a strong craving because it produces pleasurable feelings or relieves stress and anxiety.

31
Q

Physical Dependence

A

When a person develops tolerance, such that larger and larger doses are required to produce the same effects

32
Q

Drug Categories Commonly Linked to Abuse/Dependence

A

Cannabis
Depressants
Opioids and Morphine Derivatives
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Inhalants

33
Q

Cannabis

A

Derived from the cannabis plant
Psychoactive property/ingredient = THC.
THC triggers a series of reactions in the brain that lead to the high.
Consumed most commonly by smoking, but also ingested.
In 2023, 1 in 6 Canadians reported using cannabis within the past 30 days. Males higher percentages than females.
The high includes mild euphoria, slowed sense of time, heightened sensations fo colour, sound, and other stimuli, relaxation, increased confidence.

34
Q

Short Term Side Effects of Cannabis

A

Loss of motivation
Slow reactions
Red eyes
Dry mouth
Munchies
Increased Heart rate
Alterations in perception
Memory Lapses
Anxiety
Emotional distress
Acute paranoia
Panic attacks

35
Q

Region Specific Side Effects of Cannabis

A

Brain/CNS:
-dulls sensory/cognitive skills
-impairs short-term memory
-alters motor coordination
-changes brain chemistry
-difficulty in concentration, attention to detail, and learning new information
-increases risk of stroke and psychotic symptoms
-causes disrupted sleep
Cardiovascular System:
-increases heart rate and blood pressure
-decreases blood flow to limbs
Respiratory System:
-damages lungs 50% more than tobacco
-may cause lung cancer and/or damage to the throat
Reproductive System
-women = may impair ovulation and cause fetal abnormalities if consumed during pregnancy
-men = may suppress sexual functioning and may reduce number/quality/motility of sperm

36
Q

Withdrawals from Cannabis

A

Does not contain addictive properties, but stopping after long-term use can produce Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome (CWS)
Insomnia
Nervousness
Restlessness
Loss of appetite
Irritability
depressed mood
sweating
fevers
chills
Tremors
Headaches
Abdominal pain

37
Q

Depressants: Alcohol

A

Depressants depress the nervous system.
Swallowed in liquid form and absorbed quickly into the bloodstream.
When we drink excessive amount of alcohol quickly, the liver can’t metabolize it quickly enough, and it remains in the body.
Experiences include impaired judgement, poor muscle coordination, lowered inhibitions.
23.3 million Canadians (15 and older) reported they drank alcohol within the past year with 20-24 year olds highest at 83%.
Canadians aged 18-34 report the highest level of heavy drinking (ie. 5 or more drinks for males and 4 or more for females).
-33.5% of males
-23.8% of females

38
Q

Short Term Side Effects of Alcohol

A

Too many drinks in a sitting = drunk = intoxication.
Can result in…
-loss of consciousness
-slurred speech
-poor coordination
-unsteady gait
-abnormal eye movements
-impaired memory
-stupor
-coma
-increased risk of falls and infections due to suppressed immune system

39
Q

Long Term Side Effects of Alcohol

A

Cancer:
-high risk of cancer of the head/neck area, oral cavity, tongue, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver, and possibly breast cancer.
Digestive System:
-triggers secretion of acids in the stomach which irritate the stomach lining
-may result in peptic ulcers and bleeding from the stomach lining
-liver converts alcohol to fat and after a few weeks of 4-5 (or more) drinks/day, liver starts to accumulate fat therefore increased risk of diabetes or cirrhosis of the liver.
Cardiovascular System:
-lower risk of heart attacks and mortality rates following heart attack for moderate drinkers than abstainers and heavy drinkers.
-increased risk of stroke
-weakens the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
-potential benefits for light to moderate drinkers
Immune System:
-inhibits production of white blood cells, which help fight infections
-inhibits production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to all organs/tissues
-interferes with the body’s ability to fight a cold/flu
-increases the chance of bacterial pneumonia
Brain and behaviour:
-reduces brain’s supply of crucial chemicals including dopamine, serotonin, and GABA which are all responsible for feelings of pleasure and well-being
-promotes release of stress chemicals that create tension and depression
-long-term decreased brain function
-increased risk of dementia
Globally, among people aged 15-49, alcohol was leading cause of premature death and disability.
In Canada, 212 hospital visits/day due to a condition or incident completely caused by alcohol (more than heart attacks).
For mental health conditions, the top two reasons were chronic alcohol use disorder (24%) and alcohol withdrawal (23%)

40
Q

Potential Benefits of Alcohol on Cardiovascular System

A

Beer, distilled spirits, and red wine might positively influence our platelets, lipids, and HDLs, which can decrease the risk of coronary heart disease.
Should be noted that these benefits might be linked to socio-economic status of individuals (and other factors of their lives) rather than the alcohol itself.

41
Q

Why do people drink alcohol?

A

Relaxation is the most common reason as it depresses the CNS to feel less tense.
Celebration of important occasions.
Friendship
Lowering inhibitions
Belonging
Fun
Positive image
Self-medication
Role Modelling

42
Q

Alcohol Withdrawals

A

Can be life-threatening especially when accompanied by medical problems such as seizures, pneumonia, liver failure, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

43
Q

Opioids (Heroin)

A

Depresses the respiratory system.
Injected into the veins or subcutaneously.
May snort heroin as a powder or inhale as vapours.
Tolerance develops rapidly.
Primary reason for use = extreme relaxation and euphoria for 10-30 minutes.

44
Q

Short Term Side Effects of Heroin

A

Indifference
Lethargy
Drowsiness
Slurring of words
Difficulty paying attention and remembering
Anxiety and fear
Dry mouth
Nausea and vomiting

45
Q

Long-Term Side Effects of Heroin

A

Addition and dependence are common.
Leads to lethargy, weight loss, loss of sex drive, and continual effort to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Anxiety
Depression
Insomnia
Restlessness
Cravings
Changes in mood and behaviour
Infections of the heart lining and valves
Skin absences
Skin abcesses
Lung congestion

46
Q

Heroin Withdrawals

A

Begins within 6-12 hours, may last 7-14 days.
Includes…
-insomnia
-irritability
-nausea/vomiting
-muscle aches
-runny nose or eyes
-dilated pupils
-sweating
-diarrhea
-fever

47
Q

Simulants (Cocaine)

A

Stimulate the nervous system.
Generally snorted/sniffed as a powder.
Can also be dissolved and injected/smoked after being condensed to crack.
Powerful stimulant to the nervous system.
Produces feelings of well-being, euphoria, boundless energy, talkativeness.
Increased use in Canadian males from 1.3% in 2013 to 3.7% in 2017.
Increased use in Canadian females from 0.5% in 2013 to 1.3% in 2017.

48
Q

Short Term Side Effects of Cocaine

A

After brief period of euphoria, users slump into depression.
Cocaine binges can last several days.
Particularly addictive (crack even more so).
Paranoia
Dilated pupils
Elevated or lowered blood pressure
Perspiration or chills
Nausea or vomiting
Muscular weakness
Impaired breathing
Chest pain
Impaired movements or muscle tone

49
Q

Long Term Side Effects of Cocaine

A

CNS:
-psychological problems (suspicion, paranoia, violence, impaired judgement)
-suppresses desire for food, sleep, sex
-can cause stroke, seizures, and neurological damage
Nose:
-damage to mucous membrane and deviated septum
Cardiovascular System:
-increased blood pressure
-Irregular heartbeat
-Damage to heart tissue
-heart attack
Respiratory System:
-lung damage
-respiratory arrest from overdose
Reproductive System:
-men = affects ability to maintain erections and ejaculate, and sperm abnormalities.
-women = may affect ability to cary pregnancy to term.

50
Q

Cocaine Withdrawals

A

Depression
Fatigue
Vivid and disturbing dreams
Excessive or too little sleep
Irritability
Increased appetite
Sometimes violent or suicidal

KIN 230- Active Health (7 decks)

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