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Pharmacology Test 4 > Alcohol and Hypnotics > Flashcards

Alcohol and Hypnotics Flashcards

1
Q

How long does it take for alcohol to be absorbed from the gut?

A

peak in 40 minutes on an empty stomach - supa fast

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2
Q

What is the optimum concentration for bioavailability?

A

20% EtOH

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3
Q

What is the volume of distribution of alcohol? Where does it distribute?

A

.7L/kg, easily goes to all tissues

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4
Q

Where is alcohol metabolized?

A

In the liver, but some in the gut (especially in men)

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5
Q

True or False: Alcohol is metabolized via first order metabolism.

A

False! Zero order, i.e. a fixed amount per unit time

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6
Q

Does alcohol have a half life?

A

No

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7
Q

What are the two metabolites involved with alcohol?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase, aceetaldehyde dehydrogenase

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8
Q

What is the principle metabolite? Is it toxic? What is it broken down into and where?

A

acetaldehyde-toxic. further broken down in liver to acetate

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9
Q

What are the acute CNS effects of alcohol (2)?

A

1) continuous CNS depressant

2) anticonvulsant in amounts that cause general CNS depression

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10
Q

Alcohol causes continuous CNS depression, just like ___ and ___

A

general anesthetics and barbiturates

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11
Q

which part of the cortex is depressed at low concentrations?

A

those involved in highly integrated functions

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12
Q

what causes the “stimulant” effects of alcohol?

A

depression of inhibitory control mechanisms

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13
Q

what succeeds the initial phase of alcohol?

A

general impairment of nervous function. muddled thoughts and awkward movements

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14
Q

what is caused by high concentrations of alcohol?

A

general anesthesia

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15
Q

What determines the CNS effects?

A

proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood

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16
Q

What follows the anticonvulsant properties of alcohol?

A

followed by a long period of hyperexcitability

17
Q

What are the consequences of the hyperexcitability period?

A

alcohol is contraindicated in epilepsy and alcohol withdrawal in heavy users may cause seizures

18
Q

alcohol + which drugs can cause enhancement of CNS depression?

A

sedatives, hypnotics or tranquilizers

19
Q

What else can alcohol be used for?

A

topical antiseptic and astringent (not for sterilizing)

20
Q

What does alcohol do to respiration?

A

response to CO2 is depressed- can be dangerous

21
Q

What does alcohol do to the GI tract? In who is it therefore contraindicated?

A

increase in gastric juices: contraindicated in peptic ulcer

22
Q

what does alcohol do to the kidneys?

A

diuretic, inhibition of ADH

23
Q

what does alcohol do to the liver?

A

accumulation of fat: increased NADH/NAD ratio + mobilization of fat from peripheral tissues

24
Q

What does alcohol do to the CV system?

A

vasodilation. no significant until severe intoxicating levels are reached

25
Q

Physical dependence?

A

yes

26
Q

What does metabolic tolerance mean?

A

increased metabolism and inducible enzymes in liver. alcoholics will have cross tolerance with barbiturates

27
Q

What does functional tolerance mean?

A

changes the dunctional properties of many membranes (changes lipid environment of cell membranes). chronic alcohol leads to more rigid membranes, therefore more alcohol for same effect

28
Q

What does functional tolerance lead to?

A

dependence (withdrawal)

29
Q

what does behavioral tolerance mean?

A

recovery of ability to funtion socially in spite of the drug. can also refer to how others perceive the drug user

30
Q

What are the consequences of dependence?

A

abstinence syndrome, “purposeful behavior”

31
Q

What is alcoholism?

A

tolerance + physical dependence + withdrawal avoidance

32
Q

How do you treat alcoholism acutely?

A

Benzodiazepines to “taper off” over weeks. prevent respiratory failure, prevent seizures and arrhythmias during withdrawal

33
Q

How do you treat alcoholism chronically?

A

behavior modification, Disulfram for aversive therapy (prevents metabolism of acetaldehyde), Naltrexone = opiate antagonist

34
Q

What’s up with methanol?

A

misguided ethanol substitute that has very toxic breakdown products.

35
Q

What do you use to treat methanol poisoning?

A

ethanol and dialysis

Pharmacology Test 4 (10 decks)

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