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205 Alcoholism and Hepatitis > Alcohol and Drug Abuse > Flashcards

Alcohol and Drug Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

How does alcohol potentiate inhibitory pathways?

A

Potentiates GABARs

Additive effect to benzodiazepines

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2
Q

How does alcohol depress excitatory pathways?

A

Inhibit NMDARs

Also depress VGCC

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3
Q

Define Tolerance.

A

Decreased response to the effects of a set drug concentration after continued use. Compensatory homeostatic mechanisms adapt to the presence of a drug.

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4
Q

Define dependence.

A

Need to take a drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms produced by compensatory homeostatic mechanisms - can occur with non-addictive drugs.

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5
Q

Define Addiction.

A

Continued drug use despite knowing adverse consequences.

Compulsive drug seeking behaviour.

Can occur in absence of tolerance and dependence.

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6
Q

What is the Himmelsbach Hypothesis?

A

Expression of the mechanisms which characterise tolerance - without the drug = withdrawal symptoms.

Lag of removal of adaptation

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7
Q

Name two treatment options for alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

A

Hair of the dog.

Benzodiazepines.

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8
Q

How does Naltrexone and Nalmefene work?

A

Opioid R antagonist.

Acute alcohol exposure → release of endogenous opioids

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9
Q

How does Acamprosate work?

A

Mimics alcohol to help rebalance.

NMDAR antagonist

GABA agonist.

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10
Q

What receptor does nicotine act on?

A

nAChRs - many different subtypes

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11
Q

Which type of opioid receptor has the high abuse potential? Mu, Delta or Kappa? Give examples of drugs which are a strong agonist for this receptor type

A

Mu

Heroin, Oxycodone, Morphine, fEntanyl

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12
Q

What is used as replacement therapy for opioid R agonists?

A

Methadone or Buprenorphine

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13
Q

How would you treat an opioid overdose?

A

Opioid antagonist - Naloxone

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14
Q

Name three popular psychostimulants.

A

Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, Cocaine

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15
Q

How do psychostimulants work?

A

Put dopamine receptor in reverse, massive increase in synaptic concentration.

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16
Q

What are the signs for psychostimulant use? and what are the signs for overdose?

A

Signs: alertness, euphoria, bruxism (gurning), WL

Overdose: Psychosis, Cardiac effects, Stroke, Seizures

17
Q

What is the treatment for psychostimulants?

A

Haloperidol

18
Q

What are the withdrawal symptoms for psychostimulant use?

A

Great hunger

exhaustion

mental depression

19
Q

What is an empathogen?

A

Psychoactive drug that causes emotional and social effets similar to those of MDMA

20
Q

What is 4-MMC?

A

Mephedrone (meow meow)

21
Q

What is the main hormone of the reward circuit? And where is it produced?

A

Dopamine produced in the Ventral Tegmental Area (Substantia Nigra)

22
Q

What is the name given to the system of the projection from the VTA → Nucleus Accumbens?

A

Mesolimbic Dopamine System

23
Q

What does reward stimulate the release of? and what is released in the intermediate step?

A

Reward Stimulates → Endogenous opioid release → Dopamine

24
Q

What is dopamine actually used for behaviourally?

A

It is a learning signal, released when a predicted reward will be gained. The reward itself does not cause dopamine release.

25
Q

How do drugs affect the mesolimbic dopamine pathway?

A

Psychostimulants → Inhibit dopamine transporter

Nicotine and Ethanol → stimulate DA release

Opioids → Disinhibit GABA signal for DA release

26
Q

What is the role of executive function?

A

Stops us from active on impulse to cause dopamine release.

Also involved with long term planning.

27
Q

What receptors does caffine act on?

A

Adenosine Receptor Antagonist

Adenosine → Sleep

28
Q

What is the primary effect of ketamine?

A

NMDAR antagonist

29
Q

Give examples of central neurodegeneration

A

Seizures

Marchiafava Bignami

Wernicke-Korsakoff

Central Pontine Myelinolysis

Cerebellar degeneration

30
Q

Name a drug that inhbits Alcohol dehydrogenase and a drug that inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase

A

Fomepizole → inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase

Disulfiram → inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase

31
Q

Which receptors do hallucinogens act on?

A

5-HT 2A Receptor partial agonists

32
Q

What is the active ingredient in cannabis? where does it act? and is it anterograde or retrograde?

A

delta 9 Tetra Hydro Cannabinol

CB1R

Retrograde

205 Alcoholism and Hepatitis (4 decks)

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