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Mental Health > Alcohol Abuse > Flashcards

Alcohol Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

How many A&E admissions are alcohol related?

A

1 in 3

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2
Q

How much does alcohol abuse cost the NHS annually?

A

£3.8 billion

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3
Q

What are the stages of change in the ‘Stages of Change’ model?

A
  • Pre-contemplation
  • Contemplation
  • Preparation
  • Action
  • Maintenance
  • Relapse (or lapse)
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4
Q

What happens during ‘pre-contemplation’ in the stages of change?

A

The individual is not concerned about their behaviour, even if other people are
The benefits of their actions far outweigh the drawbacks in their opinion

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5
Q

What happens during ‘contemplation’ in the stages of change?

A

The individual still enjoys their behaviour, however they are beginning to note some of the negatives of the behaviour more often

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6
Q

What happens during ‘preparation’ in the stages of change?

A

This is when the drawbacks outweigh the benefits in the individuals perspective and they feel ready to make a change

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7
Q

What happens during ‘action’ in the stages of change?

A

They have begun to make changes to their behaviour

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8
Q

What happens during ‘maintenance’ in the stages of change?

A

They have been in the action stage for a prolonged period and the change is easier now and more of habit

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9
Q

What happens during ‘relapse’ in the stages of change?

A

When the individual returns to the behaviour they had changed

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10
Q

What happens during ‘lapse’ in the stages of change?

A

A lapse is a slip up, where by the behaviour is resumed very shortly but is not always a relapse

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11
Q

List some of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal

A
  • Headaches
  • Nausea
  • Breathing difficulties
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Delirium tremens
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12
Q

What are the symptoms of mania (DIG FAST)?

A 
D - distractibility
I - Irritability
G - Grandiosity
F - Flight of Ideas
A - Activity Increase
S - Sleep deficit
T - Talkativeness
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13
Q

What are the symptoms of Delirium Tremens?

A
  • Delirium (consciousness disturbances)
  • Autonomic hyperactivity
  • Tachycardia
  • Fever
  • Insomnia
  • Anxiety
  • Hypertension
  • Perceptual distortions
  • Visual or tactile hallucinations (formication)
  • Fluctuating motor activity
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14
Q

What medications do we give to a patient with alcohol withdrawal to prevent seizures?

A 
Benzodiazepine e.g.
i. Diazepam
ii Lorazepam
iii. Chlordiazepoxide 
iv. Oxazepam
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15
Q

What medications do we give IV to patients presenting with alcohol withdrawal?

A

IV pabrinex and fluids

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16
Q

What is the purpose of giving patients who are withdrawing from alcohol IV fluids and pabrinex?

A

To prevent Wernicke’s encephalopathy

17
Q

What is the triad of Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

Ophthalmoparesis with;

i. Nystagmus
ii. Ataxia
iii. Confusion

18
Q

What causes Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

Thiamine deficiency (B12)

19
Q

What is Korsakoff syndrome?

A

A neuropsychiatric disorder associate with memory disturbance with anterograde and retrograde memory deficits.

20
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Amnesia where the individual cannot recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia, it usually affects recently stored past memories not memories from a long time ago.

21
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Amnesia where an individual cannot form new memories after an event that causes amnesia. This is the most common form of amnesia.

22
Q

How long after stopping alcohol does Delirium tremens occur?

A

72 hours

23
Q

Which medication is used in acute mania?

A

Olanzapine

24
Q

What is a common maintenance medication used in bipolar disorder?

A

Lithium

25
Q

What is Bipolar disorder?

A

Extreme highs (mania or hypomania) and extreme lows over a period of days-weeks.

26
Q

What is bipolar-1 disorder?

A

Depression and mania

27
Q

What is bipolar-2?

A

Depression and hypomania

28
Q

What is cyclothymia?

A

Cyclical periods of mild highs and lows over a period of 2 years

29
Q

How much more likely is an individual to develop bipolar disorder if a family member suffers from it?

A

x10 more likely than control population

30
Q

What is the ICD-10 criteria for substance dependence?

A

Must have 3< present in the last year;

i. Compulsion to take
ii. Loss of control
iii. Withdrawal state
iv. Tolerance
v. Neglect of alternative interests
vi. Taking despite being aware of harm

31
Q

What is the name of the gold standard tool for identifying alcohol dependence specifically?

A

AUDIT tool

32
Q

Which benzodiazepine is most commonly used to treat the alcohol withdrawal state?

A

Chlordiazepoxide

33
Q

What is the name of the scale that is used for a patient to self-assess/rate their withdrawal state?

A

CIWA scale

34
Q

What medication regime is given to inpatients at the alcohol withdrawal centre?

A
  • IM/IV Pabrinex

- QDS Chlordiazepoxide

35
Q

Name the 3 medications that can be used long term to aid alcohol avoidance

A
  1. Disulfiram
  2. Acamprosate
  3. Naltrexone
36
Q

What are the 2 treatment options to help someone withdrawing off opioids?

A
  • Methadone

- Buprenorphine

37
Q

What are the NICE guidelines for opioid detox?

A
  1. Treatment should be readily available to anyone requiring help
  2. Methadone or buprenorphine is first line
  3. NEVER offer rapid detox

Mental Health (7 decks)

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