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pmcol ii > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

What is Beer made up of

A

Barley

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2
Q

What is Wine made up of

A

Grapes

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3
Q

What is Rum made up of

A

Black/Brown Sugar (Molasse)

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4
Q

What is Gin made up of

A

Potato

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5
Q

What is Tequila made up of

A

Weber Blue Agave Plant

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6
Q

What is Brandy made up of

A

Fruits and Vegetables

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7
Q

What is Scotch made up of

A

Barley

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8
Q

What is Vodka made up of

A

Potatoes

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9
Q

Where is EtOH mostly absorbed

A

Ethanol is abosrbed in the small intestine

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10
Q

How does pH effect absorption of EtOH

A

Low pH does not alter ethanol

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11
Q

After one drink who has a higher BAC? Males or Females? Why?

A

Females have a higher blood alcohol concentration as they are usually smaller than men and are less lean

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12
Q

How does food affect alcohol absorption?

A

Full stomach slows down GI

Thus, Alcohol rate of absorption is slower and peak BAC is lowered

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13
Q

Which people have lower BAC? Why?

A

Leaner people as they have a greater water volume within body volume
Larger people as they a greater body volume

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14
Q

How does size impact alcohol distribution to the brain

A

Smaller size allows alcohol passage into the brain as there is less circulation around the smaller body

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15
Q

Once consumed where is alcohol distributed? What is the alcohol concentration in the blood?

A

Alcohol is distributed throughout the tissues

Very little alcohol is left in the blood as it has been distributed throughout the tissue

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16
Q

What are the acute effects of EtOH consumption on the brain

A

Inhibits decision making
Unstable mood
Decreased anxiety
Increased aggression and addiction]

Easier to fall asleep
Low quality sleep
Less deep sleep
Less REM sleep
Impaired memory
Impaired balance
Vision impeded
Inhibiton of taste and smell
Reduced perception of pain

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17
Q

What are the acute effects of EtOH consumption on circulatory system

A

Dilated blood vessels of skin
Reduced blood clotting
Increased HDL levels (Good cholesterol)

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18
Q

What are the acute effects of EtOH consumption on gastrointestinal

A

Increased salivation and appetite
Increased gastric HCL secretion
More sensitive to insulin in non-diabetics

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19
Q

What are the acute effects of EtOH consumption on endocrine and reproductive

A

Inhibits anti diuretic hormone causing increased urination
Inconsistient effect on reproductive system

20
Q

What order of kinetic describes metabolism of EtOH

A

Zero order, linear elimination: Constant level eliminated per hour

21
Q

How much BAC is eliminated per hour

A

0.015 BAC elimination per hour

22
Q

What amount of alcohol is exhaled? How is this detected?

A

1/2200th of BAC

Detected using breathlyzer test

23
Q

Acute effects of EtOH is what kind of phase? What causes these phases

A

Biphasic (2 Phase)
Caused by metabolism

24
Q

What are the phases after Alcohol consumption (Effects on different younger age groups)

A
  1. BAC rises (Stimulant): Feels good phase
    Increased sociability, decreased anxiety especially in adolescent animals
  2. BAC declines (Depressant)
25
Q

How does alcohol affect perceptions.

A

Distributed to the brain where it interacts with brain receptors

Reduced

26
Q

What brain receptors does EtOH modulate? What effect does this have?

A

EtOH mudulates glutamate and GABA receptor activity

Tilts balance of neuronal activation towards hyperpolarization causing inhibition
Harder for neurons to fire thus, reduced activity

27
Q

What effect does a lower EtOH concentration have

A

Strong potentiation of GABA type A receptors
Excites inhibitory receptors

28
Q

What effect does a higher EtOH concentration have

A

Inhibition of Glu-NMDA receptors and voltage gated Ca2+ channels
Inhibiton of stimulant receptors

29
Q

What is the overall effect of EtOH on receptors

A

Reduced electrical activity
Neuronal inhibition and Sedative effects

30
Q

How does alcohol cause asphyxiation. At what dose does this happen

A

Depressed activity in autonomic centres
Brain stem shuts off –> Suppress diaphragm –> Asphyxiation
0.4-0.5 BAC

31
Q

What are GABA type A receptors (Superfamily, Structure)? What do they do?

A

Cys-loop ligand-gated channel superfamily
Heteropentameric receptors

Conduct negative chloride current into neurons
Hyperpolarize cells

32
Q

What are NMDA receptors (Superfamily, Structure)? What do they do?

A

Ionotropic Glu receptor superfamily
Heterotetrameric receptors

Conduct positive currents into the neuron
Depolarize cells

33
Q

What happens if you inhibit NMDA receptors? Effect on cells

A

Takes away the neuron’s ability to fire

34
Q

Why is alcohol addictive?

A

Because it releases dopamine in the brain

35
Q

When id the dopamine reward path active?

A

There is some level present at all times
Output is increased in the presence of ethanol

36
Q

Describe the dopamine reward path when ethanol is present

A

GABA interneurons regulate set a threshold on dopaminergic neurons
Ethanol is introduced
Reduces GLU input of GABA interneurons (GABA neurons are
now less stimulated)
Increases Inhibitory input to GABA interneurons (GABA neurons
are now less stimulated)
Decreased release of GABA
Less inhibition of dopaminergic cells thus, less control
More rate of fire –> Greater dopamine levels

37
Q

Physiological effects of EtOH (Circulatory), what regulates this

A

Vasodilation increases blood flow to skin, gives a warm sensation
However, decreases core temperature in the long term

Autonomic brainstem nuclei

38
Q

Physiological effects of EtOH (Gastral)

A

Increased gastric secretion of HCL –> Loss of stomach mucosal lining

Stomach ulcers

39
Q

What causes the spin side effect of EtOH. What BAC does this occur

A

EtOH permeates inner ear (endolymph and cupula)
BAC starts to decrease
EtOH diffuses out of cupula first
EtOH is very light, thus cupula is now more dense than endolymph
When you lie down cupula is going to pull down and trigger hair cells
Sensory fibres are activated
Brain interprets activity as motion

0.04 BAC

40
Q

How does alcohol tolerance occur

A

Behavioural and/or Cellular levels
Metabolic tolerance, the more you drink –> upregulation of enzymes

41
Q

What are the issues of ethanol (Nutritional)

A

EtOH contains a lot of calories with little to no nutritional value
50% of caloric intake in heavy drinkers
Contains complex carbohydrates (Beer especially)

Very easy to put on weight

42
Q

What are the issues of ethanol (Metabolic)

A

Metabolic changes in energy usage
Brain metabolizes acetate instead of glucose

43
Q

What kind of disease is fetal alcohol disease? What does that mean?

A

Spectrum disease, effects either a little or a lot

44
Q

What stage of development is most vulnerable to fetal alcohol disease?
What are the effects?

A

Most vulnerable during 3rd trimester

Synaptogenesis
Facial development

45
Q

What are the effects of ethanol on the liver (Heavy intake, and continuation of heavy intake)

A

Heavy intake causes ethanol to replace fatty acids as a fuel source in the liver
Shut down of lipid metabolizing pathways, fat build up in liver –> Fatty Liver

Continuation of Heavy Intake: Immune system gets involved
Liver becomes a hub for inflammation
Hepatitis: Inflammation of liver
Cirrhosis: Breakdown of liver
Heptatitis –> Cirrhosis

46
Q

How does ethanol affect brain health and appearance

A

The metabolite of ethanol called acetaldehyde is reactive

Acetaldehyde modifies proteins and causes dysfunction (Neurons get stressed out and kill themselves)
Affects glucose metabolism
Affects protein synthesis
Affects Myelin formation
Damages neurons and causes cell death

Neurons die and brain shrinks in size

47
Q

How does ethanol effect GI tract (Cancer risk)

A

Microflora in upper GI tract will metabolize EtOH into acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde concentration reaches 10-100x than that in the blood
Poor hygiene (Increases microbe count) and smoking increases acetaldehyde production

Acetaldehyde interferes with DNA synthesis and repair
Leads to mutations
Causes cancer

pmcol ii (10 decks)

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