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EXAM #1 - CRIM 113 > Alcohol > Flashcards

Alcohol Flashcards

1
Q

Edmond Locard-(1877-1966)

A

Sherlock Holmes of France
 Locard’s principle-The exchange of materials between two objects that occurs whenever two objects come into contact with one another. (Cross transfer)

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2
Q

Alphonse Bertillion, French police officer and researcher (1853-1914) First scientific system of personal identification

A

Statistician
 Distinguished between individuals based on different body measurements

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3
Q

Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)

A

First definitive study of fingerprints.
 Classified them and determined each was unique.

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4
Q

Leone Lattes (1887-1954)

A

Forensic Scientist and Researcher
 Discovered that blood could be grouped into different categories-A, B, AB and O types (antibody testing)

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5
Q

ROLE OF A CRIMINALIST-

A

Training to law enforcement
 Operator cards are issued to officers already affiliated or later (once hired)
Testing of blood and urine samples-in lab
Calibration/maintenance of the PEBT (Portable Evidential-Alcohol Testing System)
Court testimony
 Many times a defense expert also testifies
Only fee charged to law enforcement agency
 Paid for by subject in DUI fees

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6
Q

ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT

A

DUI stops-observe driving patterns
 Important to correlate to BAC level
 Especially important in refusals
 Field Sobriety Tests
 Preliminary tests
 Run subject tests-breath
 Witness urine collection
 Testify to above

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7
Q

ALCOHOL

A

Methanol
 Simplest alcohol
 Toxic-a few ounces, blindness, nerve damage, to stomach/small intestines
 Used to denature ethanol to make the ethanol useful in manufacturing purposes-antifreeze, rocket fuels, paint remover

 Isopropanol
 Rubbing alcohol (app 70% isopropanol), disinfectant
 Found in hand sanitizers
 Toxic- a few ounces , not meant for consumption

 Ethanol
 Drinking alcohol; colorless liquid
 Can also be toxic

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8
Q

WHAT IS DRINKING ALCOHOL?

A

Ethanol/Ethyl Alcohol
Active ingredient of alcoholic beverages
Diluted for consumption
Depressant-Central Nervous System (brain)
One drink
 1 glass wine 8-14%
 1 can beer 3-10%
 1 shot 100 proof liquor (ie Whiskey that is 50% alcohol)
 While doing a calculation, what the person has consumed should be considered or you make state assumptions

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9
Q

what are the thee phases of ALCOHOL IN THE BODY?

A

3 Phases
áAbsorption
áDistribution
áElimination

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10
Q

what is Absorption

A

Consumption of Alcohol
á Mouth through esophagus to the stomach.
á Ethanol is miscible in water
á Absorbed through mucous surfaces of the stomach
and small intestine by simple diffusion.
á No digestion required (Absorption)
á ~25% of absorption occurs in stomach
á ~ 75% of absorption occurs in small Intestine
áGreater surface area (more efficient)

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11
Q

ABSORPTION OF ALCOHOL

A

Absorption rate dependant on:
 Amount of alcohol consumed
 Food consumption-empty stomach vs. full stomach
 Concentration of alcohol
 Total time drinking
 Average absorption time is 15-90 minutes

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12
Q

ABSORPTION RATE

A

Empty Stomach No food to interfere with absorption.
 Peak BAC is reached in 5-40 minutes

Full Stomach
 Limited surface area
(25% absorption)
 Lower BAC (Plateau)

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13
Q

ALCOHOL DISTRIBUTION enters where?

A

Enters bloodstream and distributed to the entire body in
proportion to water content

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14
Q

DISTRIBUTION from where ?

A

Mouth & Throat
Ô Stomach (absorption)
Ô Small Intestine (absorption)
Ô via Blood
Ô Heart
Ô Brain & Body Tissue
Ô Liver (processing)
Ô Lungs (elimination)
Ô Kidneys & Bladder (elimination)

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15
Q

DISTRIBUTION to what part of the body

A

Distributed via blood to tissue, muscle & organs
 Alcohol prefers muscle/tissue vs fat
 Women are about 55% H2O
 Men are about 68% H2O
 A woman & man of same weight are given the same amount of alcohol:
 The woman will have a higher BAC than the man because she has less water
Ô Mouth & Throat
Ô Stomach (absorption)
Ô Small Intestine (absorption)
Ô via Blood
Ô Heart
Ô Brain & Body Tissue
Ô Liver (processing)
Ô Lungs (elimination)
Ô Kidneys & Bladder (elimination)

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16
Q

ALCOHOL-CIRCULATORY SYSTEM is carried where?

A

Alcohol carried to bloodstream-stomach and small intestine
Broken down in liver
Carried to heart-venous
Carried to lungs-pulmonary artery
Pulmonary artery branches into capillaries-capillaries and alveoli (lungs) come in close contact
Exchange of volatile (alcohol) from blood to lungs-Breath alcohol

17
Q

DISTRIBUTION blood passes to where?

A

Blood passes through alveolar sacs
of the lungs (Deep Lung)
 Exchange of gases
 Carbon Dioxide
 Oxygen
 Other gasses (Alcohol, Acetone)

18
Q

DEEP LUNG AIR represents

A

Represents the highest and most accurate alcohol
concentration in the breath
 From the alveoli sacs
 2100:1 ratio (breath/blood ratio)
 Most people
 Now a law and is represented on the breath results

19
Q

how much ELIMINATION occurs in the liver ?

A

Approximately 90% of Alcohol metabolism/breaks down occurs in the liver
 3 step process involving enzymes-by Alcohol dehydrogenase
å Ethanol
å Acetaldehyde (flushing of face)
å Acetic Acid
å Carbon dioxide and Water

20
Q

Rate of Elimination

A

0.02% per hour = 1 Drink* per hour
 TIME and liver function are the only way to Eliminate alcohol from your system

1 Drink =
å 12oz 4.5% Beer
å 6oz 12% Wine
å 1oz 100 proof Liquor

21
Q

ELIMINATION remaining

A

Remaining 10% is excreted unchanged in Breath, Urine and
Perspiration

22
Q

ELIMINATION

A

Urine
 Water, metabolic waste & alcohol are removed from the blood by the
Kidneys
 Alcohol in 1 ml of Urine = 1.3 mls of Blood
 For DUI, void bladder, wait 20 minutes, take urine sample.
 For checking for drugs, (toxicology) take void
January 1, 1999- Urine test only offered if
blood or breath testing not available

23
Q

AFFECTS OF ALCOHOL

A

Central Nervous System depressant
Both Physical and Mental Impairments
Impaired coordination
Impaired vision and hearing
Impaired divided attention tasks
Increased reaction time
Glare resistance and recovery
Blackouts
Anxiety
Symptoms vary from individual to individual

24
Q

TOLERANCE/ACCOMMODATION

A

Consumption tolerance
 Constitutional tolerance
 Alcohol dehydrogenase

25
Q

SAMPLE COLLECTION FOR ANALYSIS

A

Blood
 Breath
 “Implied consent”
 Drivers will consent to test or lose license

26
Q

BLOOD FOR ANALYSIS

A

Analysis done in Laboratory
Venous blood
Non-alcoholic disinfectant-Betadine
Gray top tube-note time of collection-
 Rising blood alcohol?
Other tubes can be used-not in compliance
Preservative-Sodium fluoride
 inhibits growth of microorganisms
Anticoagulant-EDTA/Potassium oxalate
 prevents clotting

27
Q

BLOOD KIT

A

Mailing box
 Grey top Vacutainer
blood tube
 Blood tube label
 Plastic safety tube
 Absorbent cloth
 Ziplock bag
 Envelope (BFS-8),
 Evidence tape

28
Q

URINE FOR ANALYSIS

A

Urine bottles contain Sodium Fluoride-preservative
Void sample-for toxicology
Second sample 20 minutes later-average BAC over the 20 minutes
Both times should be written on env.-can submit both samples
Should witness subject giving sample
Analysis run in laboratory-gas chromatograph
Alcohol in 1 ml urine=1.3 ml blood

29
Q

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

A

Analysis of Blood and Urine-sample is in the “headspace.”
Separation of volatiles in a column based on affinity to column
Identification determined by retention time
 Time required for substance to come out of column
Known standards run with unknowns
Samples run in duplicate
Licensed personnel-Dept. of Health Services
Results reported to agencies
Blood/urine can be reanalyzed by defense-breath not retained

30
Q

COLLECTING A BREATH SAMPLE

A

Observe the subject for 15 minutesNo eating, smoking, vomiting, etc.
May have to restart the 15 minute observation
The instrument monitors time and pressure
Immediate resultsTwo tests run on the subject
A sample is collected only after 4.5 seconds of blowing
1.5 liters of breath
Decrease in blowing pressure
Sample is captured, measured and purged

31
Q

BREATH TESTING

A

BAC determined by measuring a sample of deep lung air-2100:1 (approximate)-exchange of gases
 2100 milliters alveolar air:1 milliters blood
Calibration-Once a week or 150 subjects
Maintenance Records
Subject tests (2)-within +/- .02
Invalid tests, deficient sample, subject refuses

32
Q

PEBT- DESCRIPTION

A

Portable Evidential Breath Testing (PEBT)
 Self-contained system consisting of the following:
 A rugged case
 A built-in power supply
 A data-entry system
 A Draeger Alcotest 7410+ breath analyzer
 Magnetic card reader
 Printer

33
Q

FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY

A

Evidential Portable Alcohol system
Alcohol and Oxygen react and an electrical current is detected to determine BAC level
 More alcohol=higher current
Done on scene
Replaced the Intoxilyzer 5000
Idea originated with federal grant request to replace the Intoxilyzers
Road side testing is possible

34
Q

PEBT CONTINUED

A

For screening and evidentiary DUI enforcement
 Subject and operator information input with card reader for
evidentiary purposes
 Two tests given within +/- .02
 Third sample taken if necessary

35
Q

SUBJECT TESTS – SCREENING VS.
EVIDENTIAL

A

Screening - as FST or Zero Tolerance Use.
 No data input required.
 One sample taken per test.
 Can be performed during the 15-minute observation period.

Evidential – for DUI Enforcement.
 Subject & Operator data collected.
 Two samples (that agree) are taken.
 Perform only after observation period.

36
Q

FIELD SOBRIETY TESTS

A

Determines physical impairment
Determine if evidential test needed
Gaze nystagmus
 Involuntary jerking of the eye
 The more intoxicated the person is, the less the eye
has to move toward the side before jerking begins
Divided attention tasks-
 Walk and turn
 One-leg stand

37
Q

BAC CALCULATIONS

A

 # of drinks = (weight)(13.1)(BAC)
 48 (4 oz., 12%)
 10.8 = Female
 13.1 = Male

38
Q

VEHICLE CODES-ALCOHOL

A

23152 (a)- unlawful for anyone to drive under
the influence -alcohol or drug
23152 (b)-Under the influence of alcohol at
0.08 % or above
23152 (d)-unlawful to drive a commercial
vehicle with level of 0.04% or more
23153-driving under the influence of alcohol
or drug and cause bodily harm to person
other than the driver

39
Q

constitutional tolerance

A

alcohol dehydrogenase so they stay intoxicated longer

EXAM #1 - CRIM 113 (3 decks)

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