AKI, CKD, urinary retention

Question 1

potassium levels

Answer 1

normal: 3.5 to 5.0 mmol
mild hyperkalemia: 5.5-5.9 mmol/L)
moderate hyperkalemia: 6.0-6.4 mmol/L)
severe hyperkalemia (>6.5mmol/L)

Question 2

sodium polystyrene sulphonate (RESONIUM)

Answer 2

pharm class: cation exchange resin
indication: hyperkalemia
MOA: exchanges sodium ion for potassium, particularly in large intestine to enhance excretion of potassium
adverse effects: hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia
diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, vomitting

Question 3

insulin regular and dextrose 50% (actrapid + dextrose 50%)

Answer 3

pc: pancreatic hormone
indication: hyperkalemia
moa: shifts potassium into the cells within 20-30 minutes, no effect on total body potassium, dextrose is given together to prevent hypoglycaemia
a/e: delayed hypoglycaemia, hypokalaemia

Question 4

calcium injection

Answer 4

pc: electrolytes
indication: prevent cardiac toxicity in presence of hyperkalaemia, treatment of hypocalcaemia
MOA: regulates action potential threshold, preventing cardiac toxicity in presence of hyperkalaemia
ae: hyper calcaemia, extravastation