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EMT Basic Refresher > Airway, Respiration, Ventilation > Flashcards

Airway, Respiration, Ventilation Flashcards

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1
Q

What includes the orpharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx.

A

Upper Airway

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2
Q

What includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

A

Lower airway

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3
Q

What is the branch of medicine regarding disorders and conditions of the respiratory system

A

Pulmonology

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4
Q

Blue coloring of the skin often due to poor oxygenation of the tissues. Common places to look at the fingertips and nailbeds

A

Cyanosis

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5
Q

What is the actual exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide from the outside air to the cells via the lungs and blood vessels

A

Respiration

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6
Q

What is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs; breathing

A

Ventilation

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7
Q

What is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single respiratory cycle

A

Tidal volume

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8
Q

The lungs are composed of different lobes. The right lung consists of ______ lobes and the left has _____ lobes.

A. 4,2
B. 3,2
C. 1,3
D 2,3

A

B. 3,2

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9
Q

What proteins carries oxygen?

A. Whey
B. Hemoglobin
C. Glycoprotein
D. Cytochrome

A

B. Hemoglobin

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10
Q

Artificial ventilation rates greater than ____ times per minute can result in poor patient outcomes.

A. 12
B. 4
C. 25
D. 6

A

A. 12

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11
Q

What is the preferred method for opening the airway when no neck injury is suspected

A. Jaw thrust
B. head-tilt Chin-lift
C Tongue-jaw lift
D. Direct mandible life

A

B. head-tilt Chin-lift

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12
Q

The ideal positioning of the pediatric patient for artificial ventilation is a _____________. This is achieved by padding behind the shoulders thus allowing the head to rest in a neutral position

A. Sniffing position
B. left lateral position
C. prone position
D. sitting position

A

A. Sniffing position

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13
Q

When using a BVM for ventilation, the mask should cover which of the follow?

A. Nose and mouth
B. Nose only
C. Mouth only
D. Eyes, nose, and Mouth

A

A. Nose and mouth

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14
Q

The upper airway includes: (Select all that apply.)

A. Lugs
B. Larynx
C. Oropharynx
C. Nasopharynx

A

B. Larynx
C. Oropharynx
C. Nasopharynx

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15
Q

Which patients should not receive an NPA? (Select all that apply.)

A Pediatric patients
B. Patients with facial trauma
C. Geriatric patients
D. Patients with skull fractures

A

B. Patients with facial trauma
D. Patients with skull fractures

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16
Q

Except for the mouth and some parts of the nose, all of the airways have special hairs called _________.

A. cilia
B. barnets
C. alopecia
D. Tendrils

A

A. cilia

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17
Q

_____________is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs; breathing.

A. Ventilation
B. Inspiration
C. Respiration
D. Expiration

A

A. Ventilation

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18
Q

Which of the following are complications of BVM use? (Select all that apply.)

A. Adequate tidal volume
B. inadequate tidal volume
C. Poor mask seal
D. Poor Technique

A

B. inadequate tidal volume
C. Poor mask seal
D. Poor Technique

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19
Q

Suctioning the airway in the newborn may cause _______________.

A. Bradycardia
B. Tachycardia
C. Gastric distention
C. Tension pneumothorax

A

A. bradycardia

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20
Q

Inadequate breathing is caused by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A. An inadequate rate
B. Hypotension
C. An inadequate tidal volume
D. Hyperventilation

A

A. An inadequate rate
C. An inadequate tidal volume

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21
Q

Signs of respiratory failure include: (Select all that apply.)

A. Accessory muscle use
B. Cyanosis
C. Loss of gag reflex
D. Wheezing

A

A. Accessory muscle use
B. Cyanosis
C. Loss of gag reflex

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22
Q

You have a patient that is unresponsive and in respiratory distress, and no gag reflex is present. Which airway adjunct should you use?

A. Laryngeal mask airway
B. Nasopharyngeal airway
C. Nasotracheal Intubation Tube
D. Oropharyngeal airway

A

D. Oropharyngeal airway

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23
Q

You have a patient with respiratory failure, gag reflex present and no trauma noted. Which airway adjunct should you select?

A. KING airway
B. Oropharyngeal airway
C. Intubation
D. Nasopharyngeal airway

A

D. Nasopharyngeal airway

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24
Q

The ideal position for administering artificial ventilation to an infant, is for the infant to be in the ______________ position.

A. Semi-flowers
B. Sniffing
C. lateral
D. prone

A

B. Sniffing

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25
Q

Desired O2 range post-cardiac arrest

A

92%-98%

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26
Q

Desired O2 range for acute coronary syndrome

A

greater than 90%

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27
Q

Desired O2 range following a stroke

A

95-98%

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28
Q

Once cells have been functioning ___________, reintroducing high concentrations of oxygen to those cells increases the production of free radicals.

A. Anaerobically
B. Aerobically

A

A. Anaerobically

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29
Q

Which of the following symptoms would prompt you to administer 2 lpm of supplemental oxygen to your patient? (Select all that apply).

A. SpO2 of less than 94%
B. Signs and symptoms of shock
C. Abdominal pain
D. Complains of dyspnea

A

A. SpO2 of less than 94%
B. Signs and symptoms of shock
D. Complains of dyspnea

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30
Q

____________ is the addition of oxygen to any chemical or physical system.

A. Inhalation
B. Ventilation
C. Exhalation
D. Oxygenation

A

D. Oxygenation

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31
Q

Which of the following oxygen delivery devices is described with these statements?

Provides 24% to 40% O2 (oxygen) concentration
Delivers O2 at 1-6 liters per minute (L/min)
The most common type of oxygen equipment
Convenient, Easy to use, low cost, and disposable
Patients can talk and eat while receiving oxygen

A. Venti Mask
B. Nasal Cannula
C. Non-rebreather Mask
D. Bag-Valve Mask

A

B. Nasal Cannula

32
Q

The early recognition of a stroke is crucial because IV fibrinolytic treatment should be administered within _________ of the onset of symptoms to achieve a good patient outcome.

A. 1 Hour
B. 24 Hours
C. 12 Hours
D. 3 Hours

A

D. 3 Hours

33
Q

The purpose of ____________ is for assessment of hemoglobin saturation and assessment of the impact of oxygen therapy.

A. EKG
B. Blood Pressure
C. Pulse Oximetry
D. EEG

A

C. Pulse Oximetry

34
Q

For post cardiac arrest patients, the goal is to maintain a SpO2 _____________.

A. 98-100%
B. 92-98%
C. 90-100%
D. 60-75%

A

B. 92-98%

35
Q

What percentage of inhaled oxygen is used by the body?

A. 4-7
B. 85-90
C. 21-26
D. 9-15

A

A. 4-7

36
Q

Oxygen is a medication gas that requires a prescription, however oxygen therapy may be initiated by a _______________ in emergency situations.

A. Physician standing order
B. Arbitrary decision
C. Free thought
D. Personal judgement

A

A. Physician standing order

37
Q

How does artificial ventilation effect intrathoracic pressure?

A. it eliminates it
B. Decreases it
C. Increases it
D. Has no effect on it

A

C. Increases it

38
Q

__________________ is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one minute. It can be calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.

A. The Pulse
B. Venous Return
C. Tidal Volume
D. Cardiac Output

A

D. Cardiac Output

39
Q

How is oxygen transported to the tissues of the body?

A. Red blood cells
B. White blood cells
C. platelets
D. Plasma

A

A Red blood cells

40
Q

How many major types of strokes are there?

A. 2
B. 6
C. 4
D. 8

A

A. 2

Ischemic and hemorrhagic

41
Q

Which of the following describes ventilation?

A. The movement of gases in and out of the alveoli
B. The movement of blood circulating within the cardiopulmonary system.
C. The movement of oxygen across the alveolar membrane
D. The movement of oxygenated blood throughout the body

A

A. The movement of gases in and out of the alveoli

42
Q

Hyperventilation is represented by what characteristics on the capnography waveform?

A. Decreasing height
B. Clefts
C. Increasing height
D. Shark fins

A

A. Decreasing height

43
Q

Hypoventilation is represented by what characteristics on the capnography waveform?

A. Decreasing height
B. Shark fins
C. Increasing height
D. Clefts

A

C. Increasing height

44
Q

Which of the following describes perfusion?

A. The movement of blood circulating within the cardiopulmonary system.
B. The movement of oxygen across the alveolar membrane
C. The movement of oxygenated blood throughout the body
D. The movement of gases in and out of the alveoli

A

C. The movement of oxygenated blood throughout the body

45
Q

Increased need for sedation or paralytics is represented by what characteristics on the capnography waveform?

A. Decreasing Height
B. Shark Fins
C. Increasing height
D. Clefts

A

D. Clefts

46
Q

Which of the following describes oxygenation?

A. The movement of oxygen across the alveolar membrane
B. The movement of blood circulating within the cardiopulmonary system.
C. The movement of oxygenated blood throughout the body
D. The movement of gases in and out of the alveoli

A

A. The movement of oxygen across the alveolar membrane

47
Q

You are working an intubated cardiac arrest patient and at the two-minute pulse check you notice your patient has had a significant increase in ETCO2. What has most likely occurred?

A. Hypoventilations
B. Tube dislodgement
C. Ineffective compressions
D. ROSC

A

D. ROSC

48
Q

Which of the following best describes how capnography provides information about the patient’s perfusion status?

A. Perfusion is required for carbon dioxide to return to the lungs for exhalation.
B. If a patient is oxygenating well, then their capnography will reflect this in its measurement.
C. Capnography does not measure perfusion effectively. This can only be done with invasive line monitors.
D. Capnography waveforms inversely measure perfusion. Ex. When readings are high, perfusion is low.

A

A. Perfusion is required for carbon dioxide to return to the lungs for exhalation.

49
Q

Bronchospam is represented by what characteristics on the capnography waveform?

A. Clefts
B. Decreasing Height
C. Increasing Height
D. Shark Fins

A

D. Shark Fins

50
Q

The ______________includes the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and larynx.

A. Main stem
B. lower airway
C. Upper airway
D. Bronchi

A

C. Upper airway

51
Q

How many key components are required for adequate breathing?

A. 2
B. 5
C. 1
D. 4

A

A. 2

52
Q

Your patient, a 16-year-old with asthma, presents with a silent chest. Your EMT partner correctly identifies this as a/an _______________________.

A. ominous sign
B. sign of good perfusion
C. sign of improvement
D. encouraging sign

A

A. ominous sign

53
Q

Upon entering a residence your partner automatically identifies the potential reason for the respiratory emergency. She says, “ I think we have an FBAO here.” Your partner is referring to a______________________as the cause of the respiratory emergency.

A. foreign benign airway obstruction
B. foreign body airway obstruction
C. foreign body airway occurrence
D. foreign benign airway occurrence

A

B. foreign body airway obstruction

54
Q

Which of the following would most likely result in a PE? (Select all that apply.)

A. 6 hour non-stop flight
B. 5 minute car ride
C. 1 month bed-bound ICU stay
D. 1 hour ER visit

A

A. 6 hour non-stop flight
C. 1 month bed-bound ICU stay

55
Q

The BLS provider can administer albuterol via a metered-dose inhaler _______________________.

A. when the patient has a prescription.
B. any time a patient requires albuterol administration.
C. any time a patient has an asthma attack.
D. when an asthma attack is considered life-threatening.

A

A. when the patient has a prescription.

56
Q

Which of the following best describes an exacerbation of asthma in a patient who is undiagnosed and has no MDI? What is the appropriate transport decision? (Select all that apply.)

A. Never requires Advanced Life Support (ALS).
B. A non-emergent condition.
C. Requires Advanced Life Support (ALS).
D. A dangerous and life-threatening condition.

A

C. Requires Advanced Life Support (ALS).
D. A dangerous and life-threatening condition.

57
Q

Which of the following may lead to a respiratory emergency? (Select all that apply.)

A. Car accidents
B. Illness
C. COPD
D. Asthma

A

All of the above

58
Q

Your patient is a 78-year-old female who has an altered mental status and difficulty breathing. Upon questioning, her son reveals that his mother has a history of “lung problems”, dementia, diabetes, CHF, and hypertension. What could be true regarding this patient? (Select all that apply.)

A. Low blood sugar could explain the altered mental status.
B. CHF could explain the difficulty breathing.
C. Dementia could explain the altered mental status.
D. She has a higher likelihood of COPD.

A

All of the above

59
Q

You are eating lunch on duty when a toddler in the booth next to you starts coughing loudly. Her mother screams that her toddler needs help and is turning blue. The patient is still conscious but is no longer coughing aggressively and you can hear a high-pitched sound when she breathes. What should you immediately consider? (Select all that apply.)

A. Immediate intervention with abdominal thrusts
B. Immediate intervention with CPR
C. COPD as the cause
D. FBAO as the cause

A

A. Immediate intervention with abdominal thrusts
D. FBAO as the cause

60
Q

What is the best resource to reference if you wanted to know what treatment an EMT- level provider is legally allowed to administer?

A. National EMT textbook
B. National Registry protocols
C. DSM-5 (current edition)
D. Local protocols

A

D. Local protocols

61
Q

You are dispatched to a local residence for a “fainting episode”. Your patient is unconscious, has shallow respirations at a rate of 6 per minute, and is clearly cyanotic. What is your initial impression? (Select all that apply.)

A. This patient needs BLS transport.
B. Fainting is not a medical emergency.
C. This patient needs positive pressure ventilation.
D. This patient needs ALS transport.

A

C. This patient needs positive pressure ventilation.
D. This patient needs ALS transport.

62
Q

____________ is a viral illness that usually affects newborns and toddlers that is often caused by a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Bronchioles become inflamed, swell, and fill with mucus.

A. Bronchiolitis
B. Bronchitis
C. Asthma
D. Croup

A

A. Bronchiolitis

63
Q

Which of the following is true regarding pediatric patients? (Select all that apply.)

A. Children are primarily nose breathers until about 2 months old.
B. Children have a smaller/shorter airway with a proportionately larger tongue.
C. A lethargic child is not a sick child.
D. Pediatric patients should be placed in the sniffing position with padding behind their shoulders for artificial ventilation.

A

A. Children are primarily nose breathers until about 2 months old.
B. Children have a smaller/shorter airway with a proportionately larger tongue.
D. Pediatric patients should be placed in the sniffing position with padding behind their shoulders for artificial ventilation.

64
Q

_____________is the process of moving air in and out of the lungs; breathing.

A. Respiration
B. Expiration
C. Inspiration
D. Ventilation

A

D. Ventilation

65
Q

Except for the mouth and some parts of the nose, all of the airways have special hairs called _________.

A. Cilia
B. Alopecia
C. Barnets
D. Tendrils

A

A. Cilia

66
Q

The volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single respiratory cycle is called:

A. Inspiratory reserve
B. tidal volume
C. minute volume
D. Alveolar volume

A

B. Tidal volume

67
Q

You are dispatched to a 21-year-old male with difficulty breathing. Dispatch tells you the patient has a known history of contact with his girlfriend who was just diagnosed with COVID-19. Which of the following describes what you should do first?

A. Remove the patient from any enclosed space
B. Quickly place a surgical mask on the patient
C. Ensure the scene is safe
D. Check ABCs

A

C. Ensure the scene is safe

68
Q

Which of the following populations has the highest risk of death from asthma complications?

A. Children over the age of 8
B. Adults under the age of 65
C. Children under the age of 8
D. Adults over the age of 65

A

D. Adults over the age of 65

69
Q

Knowing the patient is exhibiting symptoms of impending respiratory failure is __________________.

A. irrelevant
B. very important
C. not important
D. insignificant

A

B. very important

70
Q

Inadequate breathing is caused by which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

A. An inadequate tidal volume
B. A combo of inadequate rate and tidal volume
C. An inadequate rate
D. Neither inadequate rate or tidal volume

A

A. An inadequate tidal volume
B. A combo of inadequate rate and tidal volume
C. An inadequate rate

71
Q

Your grandmother was recently diagnosed with pneumonia after a long ICU stay for complications following hip surgery. She was intubated for a month while in ICU and she did not have pneumonia prior to intubation. Which of the following categories does her pneumonia most likely fall under?

A. Community-acquired pneumonia
B. Ventilator-acquired pneumonia
C. Surgery-acquired pneumonia
D. Immunity-acquired pneumonia

A

B. Ventilator-acquired pneumonia

72
Q

______________is the actual exchange of oxygen/carbon dioxide from the outside air to the cells via the lungs and blood vessels.

A. Cell wall compliance
B. Ventilation
C. Respiration
D. Lung wall compliance

A

C. Respiration

73
Q

When a reduction in oxygen supplying the tissues occurs, the resulting condition is referred to as _________________.

A. Diffusion
B. effusion
C. ataxia
D. hypoxia

A

D. hypoxia

74
Q

Unlike asthmatics, most individuals with COPD are often ____________________.

A. Advanced in age and smoke/once smoked tobacco
B. Young and use recreational drugs
C. Young and smoke/once smoked tobacco
D. Advanced in age and use recreational drugs

A

A. Advanced in age and smoke/once smoked tobacco

75
Q

________ is the loss of elastic material around the air spaces due to chronic stretching of the alveoli.

A. Bronchitis
B. Asthma
C. Pulmonary Edema
D. Emphysema

A

D. Emphysema

EMT Basic Refresher (3 decks)

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