Airway management

Question 1

Retrograde intubation indication

Answer 1

1. Unstable Cervical spine
2. Upper airway bleeding
3. Best used when intubation has failed but ventilation is still posibble
4. Can also be performed in an awake patient

Question 2

Contraindications of Retrograde intubation

Answer 2

1. Neck flexion deformity ( unable to acsses the cricothyroid membrane
2. Unhable to identify neck landmarcks9 severe obesity)
3. Pretracheal mass ( thyroid goiter)
4. Tracheal stenosis under the puncture site
5. Tumor that obstruct the path of the wire
6. Coagulopathy
7. Infection (pretracheal abcess)

Question 3

Complications of Retrograde Intubation

Answer 3

1. Bleeding
2. Pneumomediastinum
3. Pneomothorax
4. Trigeminal nerve trauma
5. Breath Holding
6. Wire travels in the wong direction

Question 4

Contraindications of Transtracheal Jet ventilation

Answer 4

1. Upper airway obstruction
2. Laryngeal Injury

Question 5

Complications of Transtracheal Jet Ventilation

Answer 5

1. Upper airway obstruction- ais is able to enter the lungs, but is inable to exit the lungs causing:
   
   1. Barotrauma
   2. Pneumothorax
   3. subcutaneous emphysema
   4. mediastinal emphysema
2. Hemorrhage
3. aspiration
4. tracheal injury
5. esophageal injury

Question 6

Contraindication of Cricothyroidotomy

Answer 6

1. Children less than 6 years

Question 7

Complications of Cricothyroidotomy

Answer 7

1. Traqueal Stenosis
2. Tracheal or esophageal injury
3. hemorrhage
4. Disordered swallowing
5. subcutanous or mediastinal emphysema

Question 8

Contraindication of Tracheostomy

Answer 8

1. There are no absolute contraindication

Question 9

Complication of Tracheostomy

Answer 9

1. Acute:
   
   1. airway obstruction
   2. hypoventilation
   3. pneumothorax
   4. bleeding
2. Long term:
   
   1. tracheal stenosis
   2. tracheomalacia
   3. tracheoesophageal fistula
   4. tracheal necrosis
      5.