Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYL 4504 > Airway Host Defence > Flashcards

Airway Host Defence Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of defense mechanisms

A

physical, chemical, cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

physical defense

A

cough, barrier function, MCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chemical defense

A

mucous composition and viscocity, antimicrobial peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cellular defense

A

phagocytosis by macrophages, immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WHat are the major atomspheric pollutants

A

carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, hydrocarbons, photochemical oxidants, particulate matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

largets pollutant by weight

A

carbon monoxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

binds to Hb with 200X greater affinity than O2

A

CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is produced when fossil fuels are burned at high temps in power stations and cars

A

nitrogen oxides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

nitrogen oxides cause:

A

inflammation of eyes and upper RT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a corrosive and posionous gas produced when sulphur containing fuels are burned

A

sulphur oxides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

inflammation of eyes and upper RT are symtpoms of

A

sulphur oxide exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the product of unburned fuel waste

A

hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hydrocarbons are not usually toxic at _____

A

concentrations found in atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sunlight can trigger concersion of ___ into photochemical oxidants

A

hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

examples of photocehmical oxidants

A

ozone, peroxacyl nitrates, aldehydes, and acrolein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

high concentrations of photochemical oxidants cause

A

pulmonary edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are sources of particulate matter

A

power stations and industrial plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is cigarette smoke an important pollutant

A

because it is inhaled = higher concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

smoke contains ___ which produced tachycardia and hypertension and sweating

A

nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is associated with increase risk of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and heart disease

A

cigarette smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

some chemicals in cigarettes

A

nicotine, carbon monoxide, acetone, methanol, acetic acid, butane, ammonia, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

____ is deposition of large particles in nasopharynx

A

impaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_____ is gradual settling of medium particles in small airways

A

sedimentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

____ is random movement of particles in alveoli

A

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cough is a ______ that removes foreign material and secretion from airways

A

protective reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how long does cough take to develop

A

1 month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cough is initiated by:

A

airway obstruction, mechanical irritation, dust, cigarette smoke, chemical fumes, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where are specialized cough receptors located

A

under airway epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the 4 phases of cough

A

deep and rapid resp effort, deep inspiration and immediate compression and activation of diaphargm and chest wall msucles, sudden openning of glottis reuslts in high exp airflow, relaxaion of muscles and reversal of pressures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

barrier function by

A

bronchial epithelia: ciliated, pseudostartified, columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what do tight junctions do

A

provide structual support, inhibit movement of material via paracellular space (barrier funciton), and seperate apical and basolateral domains (fence function)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are sources of mucous?

A

submucousal glands and goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

mucous has 2 layers, what are they

A

top gel layer and bottom sol layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

cilia ___ in synchronized manner

A

beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

tips of cilia interact with ))))

A

gel layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what do cilia do?

A

properl mucous in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

mucoscilary clearance is a ____ processes of protection

A

physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

end point of MCC

A

pharynx = swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

cilia are found down to the ___ bronchial division

A

16th

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

each ciliated cell has approx ____ cilia

A

200

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

cilia have a _____ arrangement

A

9+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

subfiber ___ is a complete microtubule and subfibre ___ shared part of ____

A

A, B, A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

rest position, cilia bend sideway and back = ____ storke

A

recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what stroke account sofr 3/4 of cycle time

A

recovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

cilia move perpendicular to cell surface = ____ stroke

A

effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

during the ___ stroke, tip of cilia engage with mucous and sweep it in a cephalic direction

A

effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

overlying mucous penetrated by cilia tips in ____ only

A

effective stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

____ of PCL layer is critical for effecttive MCC

A

thickness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

ciliary movement coordinated by _____

A

metachronal waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

human cilia in the nose beat with what frequency?

A

12-15 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Basal ciliary beat frequency can increase in repsonse to

A

insult

52
Q

neuropeptide Y ____ CBF by ____

A

inhbit , reducing intracellular calcium

53
Q

rises in ____ inccrease CBF

A

calcium

54
Q

mechanical stimulation ___ CBF response

A

increases

55
Q

factors affecting MCC in healthy individuals

A

age, sex, sleep, exercise, gravity

56
Q

CBF is higher in ___ and lower in____

A

neonates and teens, adults

57
Q

MCC is slower in

A

males

58
Q

MCC is decreased during ___

A

sleep

59
Q

exercise ____ MCC

A

increases

60
Q

another name for primary ciliary dyskinesia

A

immotile cilia syndrome

61
Q

primary ciliary dyskenesia caused by

A

absence of dynein arms normally found in 9 peripheral microtubule doublets

62
Q

common clinical findings of immotile cilia syndrome

A

increased resp illnesses, bronchitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, repeated infection, infertility

63
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

abnormal widening of bronchi

64
Q

local damage to the resp tract epithelium due to infection is thought to result in ____

A

defective MCC

65
Q

cycstic fibrosis results in ___

A

defective MCC

66
Q

name 3 diseases affecting MCC

A

primary ciliary dyskenesia, bronchiectasis, CF

67
Q

2 ways of clearance of inhaled particles

A

MCC, alveolar macrophages

68
Q

phagocytose particles migrate to what 2 places

A

small airway to load on MCC escalator or leave via lmymphatics

69
Q

phagocytes contain ___ so can directly kill bacteria

A

lysozyme

70
Q

macrophage activity is imparied by

A

cigarette smoke, alcohol, alevolar hypoxia, ozone, radiation

71
Q

What is respiratory mucous made up of

A

water with high molecular mass cross lunked glycoproteins and serum and cellular proteins = glycoproteins and water

72
Q

glycoproteins and water give ____ properties

A

viscoelastic gel

73
Q

mucins are

A

gigantic biopolymers of glycoproteins characterised by presence of one or more large region rich in serine and thronine - ++ carbohydrates

74
Q

human reps tract is a mix of what

A

MUC5AC and MUC2

75
Q

mucins provide _____ of defense barrier, prevent _____, present carbohydrate sites which ___ can attach to

A

defense barrier, dehydration, pathogens

76
Q

airway mucous is a mix of proucts from

A

alveolar liquid, secretory products from cells lining the surface epithelium, submucousal galdn products, serum transudate

77
Q

clara cells may transform into

A

goblet cells

78
Q

when secreoty granule docks with the plasma membrane what forms

A

a secreotry pore

79
Q

the secretory pore has a hih ionic conductance and ___ iside the granule is exchanged for extracellular ___

A

Ca, Na

80
Q

this ion exchange triggers a ______ transition, when the mucin polymer matrix undergoes extensive swelling and goes into a ___ state

A

polymer-gel phase, hydrated

81
Q

what are the physical properties of mucous

A

viscoelastic, adhesivity, wettability, spinnability

82
Q

viscoelastic material is characterized by __ and ____ flow

A

nonlinear and time-dependent

83
Q

due to ____ mucous has both viscous and elastic properties

A

cross linking of glycoproteins

84
Q

viscocity is

A

resistance to flow and the capacity of a material to absorb energy when moving

85
Q

elasticity is

A

capacity of a material to store energy used to move or defortm it

86
Q

mucous repsond to stress as a combination of both ___ and ___

A

viscocity and elasticity

87
Q

mucous exhibits

A

shear thinning

88
Q

what is shear thinning

A

high shear forces then shows a decreased viscocity at lower shear forces

89
Q

mucous is ___

A

non newtonian = viscocity decreases as applied force increases

90
Q

more forcefully the cilia beat, the ___ the mucous moves

A

easier

91
Q

what is adhesivity

A

ability of the mucous to bind to a solid surface

92
Q

adhesivity of mucous depends on

A

mucous surface tension, hydration, wettability, and contact time

93
Q

wettability is

A

ability to spread when deposited onto a solid plannar surface

94
Q

degree of wettability is characterized by the ___ between the solid and the liquid at equilibrium

A

contatc angle

95
Q

the ____ the contatc angle, the greater the wettability

A

lower

96
Q

Spinnability is

A

the thread forming capacity of mucous under the influence of large amplitude elastic formation

97
Q

spinnability gives informaiton on the _______ and ____

A

internal cohesive forces and elasticity

98
Q

___ correlates positively with MCC

A

spinnability

99
Q

characteristics of the physical properties (rhology) of mucous focus on 2 properties

A

viscocity and elasticity

100
Q

viscocity is

A

the extent to which the gel resists the tendency to flow

101
Q

elasticity is

A

the tendency for the gel to recover its original shape following stress induced deformation

102
Q

what is phlegm

A

purulent secretion that is a product of airway inflammation

103
Q

what does phlegm contain

A

breakdown products of inflammatory and epithelial cells, DNA and actin fragments, cell debris and mucins

104
Q

when phlegm is expectorated it is called

A

sputum

105
Q

What is another name for Sol layer

A

periciliary liquid

106
Q

periciliary liquid has ___ viscocity to facilitate _____

A

low, ciliary beating

107
Q

PCL contains _____ like lysozyme, lactoferrin, human beta defensins, cathelecidin LL-37

A

antibacterial factors

108
Q

hydration of mucous and depth of sol layer is controlled by ____

A

transepithelial movement of ions and water

109
Q

when excess PCL is present _____ absorption via ___ is dominant

A

Na, ENaC

110
Q

When PCL volume is low ___ is inhbited which makes the apical membrane potential more ____ generating a force for ___ secretion

A

ENaC, negative, Cl

111
Q

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of

A

innate host defence mechanisms

112
Q

AMP are generally

A

cationic, allows binding to negatively charged prokaryotic cell membranes

113
Q

after AMPs bind to microbial surface, they lead to ______

A

cell wall distruction

114
Q

activity of many AMPs is inhbited by ______

A

high levels of salt or serum proteins

115
Q

where are AMPs secreted from

A

surface epithelial cells and submucosal glands

116
Q

human airways has what 2 types of AMPs

A

defensis and cathelicidins

117
Q

name a defensin

A

human beta defensin

118
Q

which Hbeta D is constitutively secreted into the PCL

A

hBD-1

119
Q

other hBD are induced in response to ____

A

pathogens, inflammatory cytokines

120
Q

what is the only human cathelicidin

A

LL-37

121
Q

name 2 large AMPs

A

lysozyme and lactoferrin

122
Q

lysozyme secreted from ____ and ____

A

epithelial cells and SMG

123
Q

what does lysozyme induce?

A

lysis of gram positive bateria

124
Q

lactoferrin is activated by ____ and ____

A

inflammatory and infectious stimuli

125
Q

what does lactoferrin do

A

sequesters iron from microbes

PHYL 4504 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions