airway anatomy Flashcards
elastic tube about 12cm long, same diameter as index finger 0.75-1cm, runs from just below larynx to carina
trachea
the carina is located approximately at what skeletal landmark
angle of sternum
2nd rib
fatter, shorter, more vertical and more likely to receive a foreign object
right main bronchus
- lobar (secondary) bronchi
- how many right lobar bronchi
- how many left lobar bronchi
3 right
2 left
- segmental (tertiary) bronchi
- how may right segmental bronchi and bronchopulmonary segments
-how many left
right 10
left 8
branch from the main bronchi , supply a lung lobe and branch into segmental bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi supply a ______ ______: portion of lung aerated by subdivisions of a single segmental division
bronchopulmonary segment
on mediastinal surface, point of entry for bronchi, pulmonary veins and arteries, nerves lymphatic vessels
-where lung attaches to body
Hilus (root)
on the right side the _____ _____divides the upper and middle lobes
horizontal fissure
on the right side the _____ _____divides the middle and lower lobes
oblique fissures
the right middle lobe contacts only the ______ _____ _______.
anterior thoracic wall
the right lung has __ lobes and ____fissures
3 lobes
2 fissures
the left lung has ___lobes and ____fissure
2 lobes
1 fissure
the lower right lobe has little contact with the anterior wall and is best auscultated _____
posteriorly
the left lower is mostly posterior below the __rib
6th
the trachea is made of __ shaped cartilage that prevents collapse during forced expiration
c shaped cartilage
the open c part is smooth muscle
the smooth muscle in the trachea can alter the ____of the trachea to affect air flow velocity
diameter
inside of the trachea is 360 degrees covered by ?
mucosa, respiratory epithelium, ciliated pseudostratified , goblet cells and submucosal glands
how many c shaped pieces of cartilage on trachea
15
The main bronchi at the beginning is identical to the trachea but the rings gradually change to _______
irregular cartilage plates
in the lobar and segmental bronchi the cartilage plates become?
smaller
otherwise histology is the same
the bronchioles contain no ___ and less than 1 mm diameter
cartilage
the _____moisten and protect airways, trap particles and secrete in response to irritants
goblet cells
local control
the parasympathetic controls the _____glands
submucosal
____are absent in the bronchioles
multicellular (submucosal) glands
the bronchioles have __ to ___ orders of branching
11-13
the bronchioles have fewer goblet cells and more________.
club cells (Clara cells)
the epithelium flattens in the bronchioles and more _____cells are present with less _____cells
more cuboidal
less columnar
the bronchioles contain ____ cells that contains histamine and other inflammatory mediators
mast
the ____have a disproportionate amount of smooth muscle
bronchioles
this describes what?
ciliated epithelial cells that contain 200-300 cilia per cell, that beat real fast and require a lot of ATP, 10 to 100ml of produced by tracheobronchial mucosa, cilia propel trapped particulate toward pharynx,
swallow, spit, or blown from nose
mucociliary escalator
the bronchioles run from generation 4 -19. what changes at 17?
a few alveoli begin to appear
found individually along respiratory bronchioles then more frequent and turn into sacks most distal
alveoli
as you transverse to the alveoli epithelium flattens from cuboidal to _____, cilia ____, and smooth muscle _____.
squamous
disappear
disappear
the smallest bronchioles in the conducting zone with no alveoli
terminal bronchioles
the alveolar wall is line with epithelial cells (type 1) that ______ and cover how much of alveolar wall.
very thin, allow gas exchange
cover 90-95% wall, but only 40% of cells
type 2 alveolar cells do what
secrete surfactant
60%of cells
the interalveolar pores (pores of kohn) are what?
richest plexus in body
route for collateral air flow can spread infection
layers transversed by by diffusing gas, layer of surfactant mixed with water, squamous alveolar epithelial cells,
respiratory membrane
blood air barrier
pass through the hilus anterior to the primary bronchus
pulmonary veins
the pore of kohn allow ____ventilation
collateral
bring deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs, low pressure, pass through hilus, branch into lobar segmental
pulmonary arteries
supply oxygenated blood for tracheobronchial tree and connective tissue
high pressure
bronchial arteries
how many pulmonary veins per lung
2
how many bronchial arteries on left and right
one bronchial artery on right
two bronchial arteries on left
provide collateral circulation in disease state such as pulmonary embolism
bronchopulmonary anastomoses
close potential space containing 15-25 ml serous fluid, right and left separate, reduces friction in chest wall, negative pressure
pleural cavity
attached to sternum, lower six ribs, upper lumbar vertebra via cura
diaphragm
barrier to passage of air from the lung
visceral pleura
dome shaped when relaxed, descends into abdominal cavity increasing superior and inferior dimensions of thorax
diaphragm
diaphragm is innervated by?
phrenic nerve
the bucket handle effect describes?
eupneic breathing
lower thoracic cage is elevated and causes the ribs to swing up laterally , increase lateral dimensions of rib cage
5th rib
the pump handle effect describes?
eupneic breathing
elevation of upper thoracic cage the sternum to swing up anteriorly, increase anterior and posterior dimension of the thoracic cage
accessory muscles of inspiration are ?
sternocleidomastoid-elevate sternum
scalene -elevates first two ribs
highest overall generation resistance is
3 bronchial
highest individual pipe resistance
23 alveolar sacs
lowest overall generational (combined) resistance
23 alveolar sacs
