airflow and gas exchange

Question 2

what is the normal respiratory rate

Answer 2

20-30brpm

Question 3

what is the normal respiratory rate in horses

Answer 3

10-12brpm

Question 4

eupnoea

Answer 4

normal breathing

Question 5

tachypnoea

Answer 5

increased respiratory rate

Question 6

hyperpnoea

Answer 6

increased respiratory depth

Question 7

dyspnoea

Answer 7

increased respiratory effort

Question 8

apnoea

Answer 8

absence of breathing

Question 9

what is involved in breathing

Answer 9

muscle contraction
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
abdominal wall muscles

Question 10

what is inspiration

Answer 10

diaphragm and external intercostals contract

Question 11

what is expiration

Answer 11

usually passive can be active in some species during exercise where internal intercostals and abdominal muscles contract

Question 12

what is compliance

Answer 12

degree to which a decrease in transpulmonary pressure leads to an increase in volume of the lung

Question 13

what does compliance depend on

Answer 13

elasticity of lungs and thoracic cage
surface tension in the alveoli

Question 14

why are alveoli lined with fluid

Answer 14

to facilitate dissolution and diffusion of gases

Question 15

what creates surface tension

Answer 15

water molecules form hydrogen bonds at a water-air interface

Question 16

what does surface tension resist

Answer 16

expansion of the lungs

Question 17

what does surfactant do

Answer 17

acts to reduce surface tension of the fluid film lining the alveoli

Question 18

what does the pressure inside an alveolus depend on

Answer 18

its radius and the surface tension inside it

Question 19

what is airway resistance dependent on

Answer 19

radius and length of tube and viscosity of the substance travelling through it

Question 20

what is the correct exchange of gases reliant on

Answer 20

ventilation and perfusion of the alveolus

Question 21

hypocapnia

Answer 21

hyperventilation will cause excess loss of co2 leading to a drop in PaCO2

Question 22

what is dead space

Answer 22

areas which are ventilated but don’t participate in gas exchange