Aircraft Systems 1 Flashcards
Engines provide ____ to overcome DRAG.
THRUST
Piston engines run through the ___ cycle.
OTTO
Gas turbine engines run through the ______ cycle.
BRAYTON
Describe the parts in a standard piston engine cycle.
Inlet Valve
Piston
Crankshaft
Connecting Rod
Spark Plug
Outlet Valve
Describe the 4 stages of the piston (Otto) cycle.
Induction - Air drawn into cylinder through inlet valve.
Compression - Upward movement of piston compresses air.
Power - Spark used to ignite air/fuel mixture driving piston.
Exhaust - Hot gases expelled through outlet valve.
List the 5 different cylinder layouts
In-line
Inverted
Flat Opposed
V
Radial
2 main limitations of a piston engine
RPM
Temperature
List the types of gas turbines
Turbojet
Turbofan
Turboprop
Turboshaft
Describe the gas turbine work ‘cycle’
Intake - Air drawn into compressor
Compression - Inc T+P, dec Vol.
Combustion - Fuel injected and burned. Inc T+Vol.
Turbine - Work taken out of combustion gases to drive compressor.
Exhaust - Expelled from rear of turbine (possibly giving thrust).
List the sections in a Gas Turbine
Air Inlet
Compression
Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Exhaust
What sections make up the ‘Cold Section’ of a Gas Turbine?
Air Inlet
Compression
What sections make up the ‘Hot Section’ of a Gas Turbine?
Combustion Chamber
Turbine
Exhaust
In a turbojet, what proportion of the air goes into the combustion process?
100%
In an ‘optimal’ gas turbine the exhaust pressure is as close to ____ ______ to maximise energy efficiency.
INLET PRESSURE
Name the 2 types of air intake
Sub-sonic
Super-sonic
Name the 2 types of compressors
Axial
Centrifugal
Which type of compressor is “cheaper to produce”?
Centrifugal
Which type of compressor is “more difficult to manufacture”?
Axial
Which type of compressor has “lower maintenance and running costs”?
Centrifugal
Which type of compressor has “small mass flow rates”?
Centrifugal
Which type of compressor has a “large frontal area”?
Centrifugal
Which type of compressor has a “low compression ratio”?
Centrifugal
Which type of compressor has “higher maintenance and running costs”?
Axial
Which type of compressor is “multi stage”?
Axial
Which type of compressor has “air flowing radially”?
Centrifugal
Which type of compressor is “more expensive to produce”?
Axial
Which type of compressor is “single stage”?
Centrifugal
Which type of compressor has a “small frontal area”?
Axial
Which type of compressor has a “high compression ratio”?
Axial
Which type of compressor has “large mass flow rates”?
Axial
List the types of Combustion Chambers.
Multiple
Can-Annular
Annular
What is Turbine Creep?
Turbine blades lengthen under load and high temps.
What is Thermal Stress?
Rapid changes in temp causes uneven expansion and contraction in a turbine blade which increases the stress in the blade.
Advantage of a Turbofan
Increased thrust at low speeds results in better take-off performance.
Describe a Turbofan
Most common derivative of gas turbine
Has “By-pass”
In a Turboprop. The _____ absorbs the majority of the gas energy to drive the propeller
TURBINE
Advantage of a Turboprop
Less kinetic energy waste makes this the most efficient use of a gas turbine at low/medium altitudes and speeds up to 350 kt.
Advantage of a Turboshaft
More compact than the others.
Used on rotary assets
What gas turbines are designed for SUPERSONIC flight
Turbojet
What gas turbine is most efficient at low speeds?
Turboprop
A compressor stall occurs when a compressor operates _____ __ ___ ______.
Outside of its limits
List some causes of a compressor stall
Wrong RAF over comp blades.
A blade ‘stalls’.
All comp blades in stage at same angle/RAF.
Presented airflow is disrupted.
Disrupted airflow can cause following stages to stall.
What are the indications of a compressor stall?
Increase in engine vibration.
Increase in Turbine Gas Temp (TGT).
Describe a compressor surge
Not a high enough pressure in the compressor therefore flame will migrate through compressor and force flame out front.
Indications of compressor surge
Intake banging
Large rise in Turbine Gas Temp (TGT)
Loss of thrust
Possible catastrophic compressor failure
A STALL is a ____ breakdown of airflow through the compressor.
PARTIAL
A SURGE is a ____ breakdown of airflow through the compressor.
COMPLETE
What design features can help prevent comp stalls and surging.
Variable inlet guide/ stator vanes
Multi-spool compressors
Compressor bleeds
What are the 9 uses of oil in an aircraft?
Reduce friction
Reduce wear
Cleaning
Minimise corrosion
Cooling
Heating (fuel heat exchanger)
Hydraulic Fluid
Chip detection
Engine status (Oil T+P)
Fluid introduced between two load bearing surfaces is known as _____
LUBRICATION
What is hydrodynamic lubrication regime?
Relatively thick layer of oil between surfaces
What are the 3 lubrication regimes?
Hydrodynamic
Boundary
Mixed
What is Boundary layer lubrication?
Very thin layer of oil between surfaces.
Often seen during start up conditions.
Components of the Engine Oil system (6)
Oil Tank
Oil Pump
Oil Cooler
Filter Assembly
Magnetic Chip detection
Monitoring Instruments
What are the 2 key parameters we want to know about the engine oil system?
Temp and Pressure
Components of the Fuel system (7)
LP fuel cock
Fuel cooled oil cooler
Fuel filter
HP fuel pump
Throttle valve
Fuel control unit
HP shut-off valve
Everything upstream (before) the HP fuel pump is known as the ______ pressure part of the system
LOW pressure
Everything downstream (after) and inc. the HP fuel pump is known as the ______ pressure part of the system
HIGH pressure
List some uses of the air from the Air system
Engine cooling
Blade cooling
Air sealing
Bleed air
Anti-icing
Why is engine cooling required?
Internal temperatures are very high
What is used to cool the engine?
Combination of Air and Oil
Which blades typically require the most amount of cooling?
Turbine blades
How are blades in the engine cooled?
Through longitudinal holes in the internals of the blade structure
Film cooling on leading and trailing edges of the blades
What info/data about the engine is typically provided to the pilots?
Eng Temp
Eng Speed
Torque
Fuel Flow, T+P
Oil T+P
Bleed air can be used for
Airframe anti-icing
Cabin pressurisation
Fuel tank pressurisation
Pneumatic Services
Air blown flight controls
Anti-icing air can be supplied to
Engine intakes
Inlet guide vanes
Inlet cone
Engine temperature is measured using ______
THERMOCOUPLES
What piece of equipment is used to measure engine speed?
Tacho-Generator
List some accessory systems driven by the gearbox (9)
Fuel Control Unit (FCU)
HP Fuel Pump
LP Fuel Pump
Oil Pumps
Scavenger Pumps
Centrifugal breather
Tacho-generator
DC starter/generator
Air Con Compressor
The frequency of the Tacho-Generator is ______ proportional to the speed of the engine.
DIRECTLY
Torque is measured by the ________
TORQUEMETER
Name the 4 types of fuel
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
What 3 fuels include FSII?
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
Piston Engines use what fuel?
AVGAS