aircraft structures and landing gears Flashcards
1
Q
what are the pros of wood structured airplane?
A
high strength to weight ratio
cheap
lightweight
good flexibility
can absorb and dampen vibration
2
Q
what are the cons of wood structured airplane
A
subject to decay and fungus
maintenance
cannot fly on a higher altitude
3
Q
developed an efficient cambered airfoil in the early 1800s, as well as successful manned
A
George Cayley
4
Q
first stacked wings and created a tri-wing glider that flew a man
A
George Cayley
5
Q
What year did George Cayley create a tri-wing
A
1853
6
Q
Pioneer or Aeronautical Engineering and is the “father of aviation”
A
George Cayley
7
Q
Manufactured and flew his own gliders on over 2,000 flights
A
Otto Lilienthal
8
Q
Retired railroad and bridge engineer, was active in aviation during the 1890s
A
Octave Chanute
9
Q
What did Octave Chanute publish?
A
“Progress in Flying Machines”
10
Q
What did Chanute build?
A
Glider with stacked wings incorporating use of wires as wing supports
11
Q
What did the Wright Brothers invent?
A
Wright Flyer
12
Q
Manufacturer of the Wright Flyer
A
Wright Cycle Company
13
Q
Two American Aviation pioneers generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world’s first successful motor-operated airplane
A
Orville and Wilbur Wright
14
Q
French aircraft of the pioneer era of aviation
A
Bleriot XI
15
Q
Who invented the Bleriot XI
A
Frenchman Louis Bleriot
16
Q
When was the Bleriot XI invented?
A
July 25, 1909
17
Q
Produced in both single and two-seat versions, powered by several different engines, and was widely used for competition and training purposes
A
Bleriot XI
18
Q
Aircraft with metal truss construction and metal skin due to the availabilty of stronger powerplants to thrust the plane forward and into the sky
A
Junker J-1
19
Q
Who invented the Junker J-1
A
Hugo Junkers
20
Q
When was the Junker J-1 invented?
A
1910
21
Q
German Engineer who pioneered the design of all-metal airplanes
A
Hugo Junkers
22
Q
Pros of Metal Structured Airplane
A
Higher temperature resistance
higher strength
23
Q
Cons of Metal Structured Airplanes
A
Decreasing the lift by not allowing wings to fully camber like fabric
Subject to corrosions
Heavy
24
Q
Assembled from sheet metal parts that have been cut and formed into the desired shape
A
Metal Structures
25
Different Metal used
Aluminum Alloy
Magnesium Alloy
Titanium Alloy
Steel Alloy
26
What was developed by designers for the WW1
thicker wings with stronger spars
27
What created more lift for the WW1 airplanes?
Flatter lower wing surfaces on high-camber wings
28
Fighter Aircraft
Red Baron's Fokker DR-1
29
what kind of aircrafts are used in the 1930s
all-metal aircraft acompanied by new lighter and more powerful engines.
30
What is the First Composite Structure Aircraft
De Havilland Mosquito
31
What was used for the construction of the fuselage of De Havilland Mosquito
Balsa Wood Sandwich material
32
Pros of Composite Structures
Weight Reduction (fuel-efficient because it requires less fuel to propel itself forward)
Higher Strength to weight ratio
not prone to corrosion
33
Cons of Composite Structures
Greater cost
Long preparation
34
What was built and improved in the 1960s
Engine technology improved, the jumbo jet was engineered and built
35
What was used in Boeing's airline series
Honeycomb constructed panels
36
What is the effect of using Honeycomb constructed panels
Saved weight while not compromising strength
37
What was used in wing panels, flight control surfaces, cabin floor boards, and other applications
Aluminum core with aluminum or fiberglass skin sandwich panels
38
Major Components of Aircraft
Wings
Empennage
Powerplant
Landing Gears
Fuselage
39
Five Major Categories of Aircraft
Airplanes
Rotorcraft
Gliders
Free Balloon
Airship
40
Can be considered as an engine-driven fixed wing aircraft heavier-than-air that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings
Airplane
41
Broad Spectrum of uses for airplanes includes?
Recreation
transportation of goods and people
military, and
for research and development
42
Has a large overhead rotor called main rotor
Rotorcraft
43
Two classifications of Rotorcraft
Helicopter
Gyroplane
44
Heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reaction of the air on one or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axis
Helicopter
45
Where does helicopter execute landing on the ground?
Heliport
46
heavier-than-air aircraft with a freewheeling rotor and propulsion is provided by an engine and propeller mounted in either a tractor or pusher type configuration
Gyroplane
47
Type of rotorcraft that uses an unpowered rotor in free auto rotation to develop lift. Forward thrust is provided independently, by an engine driven propeller. While similar to a helicopter rotor
in appearance, the autogyro's rotor must have air flowing across the rotor disc to generate rotation,
and the air flows upwards through the rotor disc
rather than down.
Gyroplane
48
Non-power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remains fixed under given conditions of flight.
Gliders
49
High performance glider capable of remaining aloft on rising air currents
Sailplane
50
Lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven, and that sustains flight through the use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater
Free Balloons
51
Other names for airship
Dirigible balloon or blimp
52
Large gas balloon that rises into the air and can be steered using engine-driven propellers.
Airship
53
Britain, Germany, and the U.S. developed large, rigid airships for passenger flights, which were popular in the 1920s and 1930s. While the US had access to helium, other airships used highly-flammable hydrogen and many exploded in-flight, bringing passenger airship travel to an end.
Passenger airships
54
Germany used its famous Zeppelin airships for bombing during WWI, inspiring the British Royal Navy to create their own B-Class airships for detecting German submarines. Since then, airships have mainly been used as aerial surveillance for military forces.
Military Airships
55
Commercial blimps have been used for advertising since 1925, as they can hover over one space and be seen from afar. This means they’re particularly effective for advertising at outdoor events
Advertising Blimps
56
Three kinds of blimps
Passenger Airships
Military Airships
Advertising Blimps
57
considered generally as the principal source of lift and no other parts of an airplane basically, that contributes to the lift. They also store fuel for flight and house the fuel system components.
wings
58
body of an aircraft to which the wings and tail unit are attached. It must be accomplished with interior space for passenger comfort and minimum frontal area and contour drag for maximum performance. Perhaps the most distinct feature of this is a result of its purpose providing space for payloads.
fuselage
59
also known as tail or tail section of most aircrafts gives stability to the aircraft, in a similar way to the feathers on an arrow. The purpose of this is to serve as direction controller of the airplane whether left, right, up, down, or rolling movement.
empennage
60
either fixed in construction or retractable in which the wheel was drawn up inside the fuselage during airborne. This serves as cushion to protect the airplane during taxiing and landing. This absorbs landing load and supports the airplane on the ground.
landing gears
61
usually includes both the engine and the propeller. The primary function of
the engine is to provide the power to turn the propeller. It also generates electrical power, provides a vacuum source for some flight instruments, and in most single-engine airplanes, provides a source of heat for the pilot and passengers
powerplant
62
primary factors to consider in aircraft structures
strength
weight
reliability
63
Airframes must be strong and light in weight.
strength
64
aircraft built so heavy that it couldn't support more than
a few hundred pounds of additional weight would be
weight
65
minimizes the possibility of dangerous and unexpected failures
reliability
66
pressure or tension exerted on a structure caused by external loads or forces
stress
67
is a degree of deformation of a material caused by a stress
strain
68
5 major structural stresses
tension
compression
shear
bending
torsion
69
is a primary
stress that tries to pull a
body apart. When a
weight is supported by a
cable, the cable is
subjected to tension or, as
it is often expressed, to a
tensile stress. The
weight attempts to pull the
cable apart.
TENSION
70
what is tension force
a force transmitted through a wire, rope, or a string when it is pulled from opposite ends is known as a Tension Force
71
another primary stress, tries to squeeze a part together. For example, a weight supported on a post exerts a force that tries to squeeze the ends of the post together, or to collapse it.
compression
72
is a twisting force. a tensile stress acts diagonally across the member and a compressive stress acts at right angles to the tension. For example, the crankshaft of an aircraft engine is under a torsional load when the engine rotates the propeller.
torsion
73
loads are created
when opposing forces
are applied on opposite
sides of a body. For
example, a rivet is
primarily designed to
withstand shear loads
from overlapping sheets
of metal that are
subjected to being pulled
in opposite directions.
shear
74
force tries to
pull one side of a body
apart while at the same
time squeezing the other
side together. When a
person stands on a diving
board, the top of the
board is under a tensile
stress while the bottom is
under compression.
bending
75
is a rigid framework made up of members, such as beams, struts, and bars to resist deformation applied by loads.
truss type
76
usually extend across several frame members and help the skin support primary bending loads.
They are typically made of aluminum alloy either of a single piece or a builtup construction
longerons
77
These longitudinal members are typically more numerous and lighter in weight than the longerons. They come
in a variety of shapes and are usually made from single piece aluminum alloy extrusions or formed aluminum Stringers
and longerons together prevent tension and compression from bending the fuselage.
stringers
78
another type of bracing that can also be used between the longerons and stringers. It must be noted that
manufacturers use different nomenclature to describe structural members.
web members
79
types of skin stressed
monocoque
semi-monocoque
80
Carries the primary stresses. Since no bracing
members are present, the skin must be strong
enough to keep the fuselage rigid
monocoque type
81
mono and coque meaning and overall meaning of monocoque
single, shell. single structure
82
biggest problem in monocoque construction
maintaining in enough strength while keeping the weight within limits
83
overcomes the
strength-to-weight problem of monocoque
construction.
semi monocoque
84
In addition to having formers, frame assemblies, and
bulkheads, this has the skin reinforced by longitudinal
members.
semi monocoque
85
supports the skin from end to end
longeron
86
takes outer loads
skin
87
heavy members, takes load and gives shape to fuselage
bulkheads
88
* Most commonly used
construction today
* Higher strength to weight ratio
* Added fuselage support
semi monocoque type
