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Intro to Aeronautics > Aircraft Anatomy > Flashcards

Aircraft Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Wing- Spar?

A

the main load bearing structural member and provide a lot of strength

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2
Q

Wing - Ribs?

A

What the skin is attached to. They provide the wing cross-sectional shape and transfer loading from the skin to the spars

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3
Q

Wing - stringers?

A

They take bending loads and prevent the skin from buckling.

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4
Q

Skin

A

often made from composite materials such as glass or carbon fibre or some metals.

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5
Q

Spoilers?

A

Spoils lift on upper surface of the wing to provide more weight on wheels - shorter landing distance

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6
Q

Winglets?

A

Reduces air spilling from the lower to upper surface, reducing induced drag

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7
Q

Types of wing anti-icing?

A

Pneumatic, electro-thermal or bleed air operated

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8
Q

Vertical stabilizer?

A

Acts to return the aircraft to its original position following a disturbance in yaw without pilot input.

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9
Q

Horizontal stabiliser?

A

Acts to return the aircraft to its original position following a disturbance in pitch without pilot input.

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10
Q

Two main types of engine?

A

Piston, Gas turbine

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11
Q

Purpose of the propeller?

A

To convert rotational motion of engine to a linear force (thrust).
It does this by accelerating air rearward

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12
Q

Types of fuselage?

A

Truss, monocoque, semi-monocoque

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13
Q

Characterisitcs of truss?

A

Strength comes from frame works

Members on tension and compression

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14
Q

Characteristics of Monocoque?

A

Skin carries structural load, for lighter aircraft

Small dents or stresses can cause complete failure

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15
Q

Characteristics of Semi- Monocoque?

A

Skin fastened to sub-structure
Load shared between structure and skin
Modern method

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16
Q

Why are AC windows small?

A

Aircraft windows are small to maximise the area of the fuselage structure between them which maximises the strength of the airframe. Larger windows could blow out under cabin pressurisation.

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17
Q

What makes up a landing gear?

A

Tires
Brakes
Shock absorbers

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18
Q

Purpose of LDG gear?

A

Support the aircraft on the ground
Absorb loading from landing and braking
Give minimum rolling friction during take-off
For a given strength be light and produce minimum drag

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19
Q

Two LDG gear configs?

A

Tricycle & taildragger

Taildraggers have limited ground visibility

20
Q

Benefits of retractable LDG?

A

Reduced form & interference drag

Used when aerodynamic gains outweigh cost and weight

21
Q

Type of power associated with helicopters?

A

Shaft power

22
Q

What is an airship?

A

A lighter than air aircraft, which can navigate through the air under its own propulsion.

23
Q

What were the historical uses for airships?

A

Transoceanic luxury travel
Freight & mail transportation
Political propaganda
Bombers in WW1

24
Q

Future uses for airships?

A

Freight and logistics
Scenic tourism
Surveillance
Mass transport to remote areas

25
Q

6 Primary aircraft instruments?

A 
Attitude Indicator 
Airspeed Indicator 
Altitude Indicator (Altimeter) 
Direction Indicator 
Vertical Speed Indicator
Turn Co-ordinator (Balance)
26
Q

Purpose of primary instruments?

A

Primary instruments are the most safety critical instruments that are used to determine exactly what the aircraft is doing in the air.

27
Q

Types of pressure related to ASI & Alt?

A

ASI - Dynamic pressure

Alt - Static pressure

28
Q

Secondary instruments?

A

Engine Temperature and Pressures
Engine RPM
Fuel gauges
Navigation Instruments (VOR/DME/GPS/NDB)

29
Q

Why are engines important?

A

Engines provide a force that is typically used to provide thrust for for forward motion or direct lift to counter gravity

30
Q

Five engine considerations?

A 
Lightweight
Small (minimise drag)
Powerful (rapid climb)
Reliable
Repairable
31
Q

4 Major types of engines

A

Piston Engines
Gas Turbine Engines
Rocket Engines
Electric Engines

32
Q

Piston engine configurations?

A

Radial
Inline
Inverted Inline
Horizontally opposed

33
Q

Radial engines

A

Large size, more drag
Douglas DC3
North-American T-6 Texan

34
Q

Inline Engine

A

When air-cooled, furthest back cylinder gets too hot

Dehavilland tiger moth, gipsy moth

35
Q

Horizontally opposed engines

A

Cessna 172
By having the pistons oppose each other, any forces are cancelled out, and the weight is evenly distributed. Having a wider engine with less cylinders on either side means that air cooling is feasible without the drag of radial engines.

36
Q

Rotary engines

A

Fixed crankshaft & rotating cylinders
Gyroscopic forces difficult to control
Sopwith Snipe

37
Q

Pros and cons of piston engines

A

Cheap to buy & maintain
Efficient at low alt
Hard to get right mix at high alt
Needs a prop, limits top speed

38
Q

Wankel engine

A

Lightweight, compact, reliable, vibrationless, high power to weight ratio
inefficient at low rpm due to unburnt fuel
Used in light aircraft & UAV

39
Q

Four different gas turbine engines

A

Turbojet, Turbofan, Turboprop, Turboshaft

40
Q

Turbojet

A

Fuel inefficient since thrust just comes from exhaust
Used for supersonic
More efficient at higher alt

41
Q

Turbofans

A

Engine feeds power back to fan, as well as compressors - fan also provides thrust
Low bypass - military jets like F-35
High bypass - like Boeing 787

42
Q

Turboprop

A

Engine powers a shaft that transforms rotational power to the propeller to create propulsion

43
Q

Turboshaft

A

Uses a free power turbine to power a shaft

44
Q

Main disadvantage of gas turbine

A

Cost of purchasing & maintaining

Inefficiency at low alt (relative)

45
Q

Rocket engines

A

Light compared to other engines

Least efficient, in fuel use

46
Q

Electric engines

A

Convert electrical to mechanical energy
Very efficient
Limited by ability to store & obtain electric power

Intro to Aeronautics (5 decks)

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