Air ,Solid, Toxic, Hazardous, and Environmental Management Environmental Finals

Question 1

Of all the Earth’s natural resources, it is the most shared.

Answer 1

Air

Question 2

moves throughout the atmosphere, connecting sources of pollution to
points of impact, often far apart.

Answer 2

Air

Question 3

Three other features of air make it an unusually challenging resources to deal
with:

Air has traditionally not been viewed as a resource like water or land
resources, so there are no private or public claims on it.
Air does not obey geopolitical boundaries, so transboundary air pollution
problems are common and especially difficult to resolve.
Polluted ambient air cannot be remediated with technology.

Answer 3

Air

Question 4

Earth’s atmosphere is about

Answer 4

100 miles deep.

Question 5

Earth’s atmosphere is about 100 miles deep. It is mainly composed
mostly of

Answer 5

Nitrogen (78.1%), Oxygen (20.9%), and Argon (0.93%)

Question 6

For comparison, carbon dioxide now makes up over——-of the
atmosphere.

Answer 6

0.039%

Question 7

cause the release of many different
compounds into the air at concentrations that are high enough to
cause adverse impacts on human health, crops and other vegetation,
building materials, climate, and even habitants of aquatic
ecosystems.

Answer 7

anthropogenic activities

Question 8

determine how air contaminants are
dispersed and move through the troposphere.

Answer 8

Weather patterns

Question 9

Air pollution problem involves three parts:

Answer 9

the pollution source

2. the movement or dispersion of the
   pollutant
3. the recipient

Question 10

Along with gas, the air we breathe is filled with suspended
solids and liquids called—–that come from a variety of
sources.

Answer 10

aerosols

Question 11

circulate the same way the air in the troposphere
circulates.

Answer 11

Pollutants

Question 12

caused by solar radiation and the irregular
shape of the earth and its surface, which causes unequal
absorption of heat by the earth’s surface and atmosphere.

Answer 12

Air movement

Question 13

the——of the earth’s atmosphere also
yields differences in barometric pressure.

Answer 13

dynamic thermal system

Question 14

involves both control of air pollution
sources and

Answer 14

Air quality management

Question 15

is associated with both hot and cold weather
fronts.

Answer 15

Low-pressure systems

Question 16

Air movement around low-pressure fronts in the Northern Hemisphere

Answer 16

counterclockwise

Question 17

Air movement around low-pressure fronts in the Northern Hemisphere is
counterclockwise and vertical winds are——where condensation
and precipitation take place.

Answer 17

upward,

Question 18

affected by the rotation of the rotation of earth of its axis

Answer 18

global air circulation

Question 19

located
in the top right corner
of each data map
shows the general
wind direction and
speed for each
sampling period.

Answer 19

wind rose

Question 20

❖The circular format of the wind rose shows the direction the winds blew from and the
length of each—–around the circle shows how often the wind blew from that
direction.

Answer 20

“spoke”

Question 21

impacts from air pollution include increased
mortality rates, increased health care costs, decreased productivity,
and decreased quality of life.

Answer 21

Primary public health

Question 22

has several defenses against air pollution

particularly large particles. When someone is breathing particle-
contaminated air, the human respiratory system works a bit like a

sieve, preferentially removing certain size fractions at various
stages.

Answer 22

respiratory system

Question 23

is a nonuniform combination of different
compounds.

Answer 23

Particulate matter (PM)

Question 24

All particles 10 μm and less in diameter are denoted
as

Answer 24

PM10..

Question 25

All particles 2.5 μm and less in diameter are denoted as

Answer 25

PM2.5.

Question 26

can travel deeper into the respiratory system.

Answer 26

smaller particles

Question 27

are trapped in the upper respiratory system, producing a clogged nose and scratchy throat.

Answer 27

Larger particles

Question 28

(those with diameter less than 0.1 μm) may actually pass with air through the alveoli and incorporated into the bloodstream and may affect many organs.

Answer 28

Ultra fine particles

Question 29

defenses is to mobilize white blood cells to metabolize foreign objects.

Answer 29

cardiovascular system’s

Question 30

Accounting for all other risk variables, it has been observed that ------------ in air results in more heart attacks. The connection may be the ultra fine particles.

Answer 30

increased PM

Question 31

low-level burning of the respiratory surface tissues results in several adverse outcomes, from breathing difficulty to respiratory failure. Ozone is one pollutant that causes considerable irritation.

Answer 31

Irritation

Question 32

arises from the introduction of pollutants into the cell. Ultrafine particles contribute to these diseases.

Answer 32

Cell Damage

Question 33

pollutants can trigger a release of histamines to fight the invader, resulting in breathing difficulty and irritation of sensitive issues (e.g. skin, eyes). Pollens cause these effects.

Answer 33

Allergies

Question 34

pollutants permanently scar the tissues of the respiratory system, resulting in increased breathing difficulty and often death. Asbestos is a pollutant that causes this disease.

Answer 34

Fibrosis

Question 35

pollutants can trigger abnormal, malignant tissue growth that leads to cancer. Many hazardous air pollutants are cancer-causing.

Answer 35

Oncogenesis

Question 36

*In the context of engineering analyses of air quality, two (2) distinct systems are of interest:

Answer 36

➡ the outdoor environment (ambient air) ➡ indoor environment

Question 37

➡The two layers closest to Earth’s surface are our primary interest:

Answer 37

the troposphere and the stratosphere.

Question 38

(tropos being Latin for mixed) the air layer closest to the surface and extending some 10 to 15 km in altitude.

Answer 38

troposphere

Question 39

(stratos is Latin for layered or stratified) it is above the troposphere from about 15 to 50 km in altitude is a layer with very little mixing.

Answer 39

stratosphere.

Question 40

is where pollution from human and natural activities is first emitted.

Answer 40

troposphere

Question 41

has less overhead atmosphere, so it has more intense radiation than the troposphere. This radiation, much of it ultraviolet, creates photochemical reactions such as the conversion of molecular oxygen (O2) into ozone (O3).

Answer 41

stratosphere

Question 42

oxygen

Answer 42

02

Question 43

ozone

Answer 43

03

Question 44

* In the stratosphere, as elevation--------------, its gets warmer because ozone gases in the upper layer absorb intense ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Answer 44

increases

Question 45

It acts as a shield for life on Earth.

Answer 45

ozone layer

Question 46

is only about three molecules for every 10million molecules in the air. But it does a very important job.

Answer 46

ozone

Question 47

it is like a----------the ozone layer absorbs bits of radiation hitting Earth from the sun. Even though we need some of the sun’s radiation to live, too much of it can damage living things.

Answer 47

sponge,

Question 48

absorbs bits of radiation hitting Earth from the sun. Even though we need some of the sun’s radiation to live, too much of it can damage living things.

Answer 48

ozone layer

Question 49

Operating at a regional scale are the regional transport processes and appears on daily weather forecasts:

Answer 49

➡high-pressure system ➡low-pressure systems

Question 50

Both are created from the interaction of ------------masses near the surface.

Answer 50

cold and warm air

Question 51

are created when air that is warmed by surface heating begins to rise.

Answer 51

Low-pressure systems

Question 52

are typically created when air is descending to the ground. The pressure systems thus have unique vertical transport tendencies — upward for low pressure, downward for high pressure.

Answer 52

High-pressure systems

Question 53

upward

Answer 53

low pressure,

Question 54

downward

Answer 54

high pressure.

Question 55

Much of the human population resides

Answer 55

along the coast.

Question 56

In fact, 21 of the world’s ------------ are located in coastal areas, and the average population density in coastal areas is twice the global average.

Answer 56

33 megacities

Question 57

Coastal locations are prone to additional transport pattens created by the ------------- and the resulting temperature differences that develop due to the differential heating that occurs.

Answer 57

land-sea interface

Question 58

can build as the air slowly moves inland.

Answer 58

Pollutant concentrations

Question 59

this situation exists when the atmospheric temperature changes more dramatically with altitude than the temperature of the air parcel that contains the pollutant (s).

Answer 59

Stable

Question 60

this situation exists when the atmospheric temperature changes less dramatically with altitude than the temperature of the air parcel that contains the pollutant (s).

Answer 60

Unstable

Question 61

the atmosphere exerts no force on pollutant emissions that move vertically. This situation occurs when the temperature changes for atmosphere and the air parcel containing the pollutant (s) are nearly identical.

Answer 61

Neutral

Question 62

General Stability Conditions Encountered in the Atmosphere:

Answer 62

stable, unstable, neutral

Question 63

The US federal government, through the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has identified six pollutants of special concern:

Answer 63

1. ozone-03 2. particulate matter-PM 3. sulfur dioxide-S02 4. nitrogen dioxide-N02 5. carbon monoxide-CO 6. lead-Pb

Question 64

Fuel combustion from vehicles and engines. Reduces the amount of oxygen reaching the body's organs and tissues; aggravates heart disease, resulting in chest pain and other symptoms.

Answer 64

Carbon Monoxide (CO

Question 65

Secondary pollutant formed by chemical reaction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in the presence of sunlight. Decreases lung function and causes respiratory symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath, and also makes asthma and other lung diseases get worse. More on Ground Level Ozone Here

Answer 65

Ground-level Ozone (03)

Question 66

Smelters (metal refineries) and other metal industries; combustion of leaded gasoline in piston engine aircraft; waste incinerators (waste burners), and battery manufacturing. Damages the developing nervous system, resulting in IQ loss and impacts on learning, memory, and behavior in children. Cardiovascular and renal effects in adults and early effects related to anemia.

Answer 66

Lead (Pb)

Question 67

Fuel combustion (electric utilities, big industrial boilers, vehicles) and wood burning. Worsens lung diseases leading to respiratory symptoms, increased susceptibility to respiratory infection

Answer 67

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Question 68

this is formed through chemical reactions, fuel combustion (e.g., burning coal, wood, diesel), industrial processes, farming (plowing, field burning), and unpaved roads or during road constructions. Short-term exposures can worsen heart or lung diseases and cause respiratory problems. Long-term exposures can cause heart or lung disease and sometimes premature deaths.

Answer 68

Particulate Matter (PM)

Question 69

SO2 comes from fuel combustion (especially high-sulfur coal); electric utilities and industrial processes as well as natural occurrences like volcanoes. Aggravates asthma and makes breathing difficult. It also contributes to particle formation with associated health effects.

Answer 69

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Question 70

are the amount of pollutant a source puts into the air, usually over a fixed amount of time; hence, emission rates are expressed as mass per time.

Answer 70

Emissions

Question 71

expressed as mass per time.

Answer 71

emission rates

Question 72

depend on the source, pollutant, and problem of interest, but common units are g/s, kg/day, and tonnes/yr. In a few places, tons/day and lb/ hr might still be used.

Answer 72

Typical emission rate units

Question 73

can be highly variable

Answer 73

- Emission rates .

Question 74

6 classifications of air emissions

Answer 74

1. Specific pollutant 2. Type of source 3. Natural processes 4. Permitted Emissions 5. Fugitive emissions 6. Accidental emissions

Question 75

impacts usually specific to a particular pollutant, as are emission reduction strategies. The criteria pollutants receive the most attention.

Answer 75

1. Specific pollutant

Question 76

One critical classification is whether the source is stationary sources, mobile sources, or point sources.

Answer 76

2. Type of source

Question 77

in some areas, natural emissions may dominate the total for certain pollutants, and in these cases, there will be little impact from engineered emission-control strategies.

Answer 77

3. Natural processes s

Question 78

- are those granted by an agreement with the state air resource regulatory agency. Another important emission classification scheme, particularly to industry, is whether an emission is permitted, fugitive, or accidental.

Answer 78

4. Permitted Emissions

Question 79

pollutant releases from an unconfined source. These sources are often area sources and outdoors.

Answer 79

5. Fugitive emissions

Question 80

release due to accidents or poor operation and maintenance of equipment. Most of these emissions are best controlled by diligent maintenance of equipment, including ducts, valves, and storage vessels.

Answer 80

6. Accidental emission

Question 81

Four methods are used to quantify the magnitude of air pollutant emissions:

Answer 81

1.Direct measurements 2.The mass balance approach 3.Process modeling 4.Emission factor modeling

Question 82

this poses several unique challenges, and the sampling occurs in the stack discharge airstream.

Answer 82

1.Direct measurements

Question 83

it can be used to indirectly determine the emission rate from some sources.

Answer 83

2.The mass balance approach

Question 84

this attempt to describe emissions as mathematical functions of relevant process information.3.Process modeling 4.Emission factor modeling

Answer 84

3.Process modeling

Question 85

it relates the air pollution released by a source activity to the magnitude of that activity. The proportionality between emissions and activity is called an emission factor.

Answer 85

4.Emission factor modeling

Question 86

The proportionality between emissions and activity is called an

Answer 86

emission factor.

Question 87

* Limiting emissions into the air is both technically .

Answer 87

difficult and expensive

Question 88

are the only air cleaning mechanisms available, and neither is very efficient, good air quality depends on pollution prevention and on limiting what goes into the air.

Answer 88

rain and deposition

Question 89

may be realized in a number of ways.

Answer 89

control of air emissions

Question 90

There are five (5) options to control air pollution:

Answer 90

1. Prevention 2. Regulatory solutions 3. Market-based solutions 4. Voluntary solutions 5. Emission-control technologies

Question 91

There are five (5) separate possibilities for control of air emissions:

Answer 91

1. Source correction 2. Collection of Pollutants 3. Cooling 4. Treatment 5. Dispersion

Question 92

Changing or eliminating a process that produces a polluting air effluent is often easier than trying to trap effluent.t.

Answer 92

Source correction

Question 93

* Processes may also be modified in order to reduce air pollution.

Answer 93

Source correction

Question 94

mandates the use of oxygenated fuels in urban areas in order to limit CO emissions from automobiles.

Answer 94

The 1990 Clean Air Act

Question 95

Such measures as process change, raw material substitution, and equipment modification to meet emission standards are known as

Answer 95

controls.

Question 96

is the term used for all devices and methods for decreasing the quantity of pollutant reaching the atmosphere, once it has been generated by the source.

Answer 96

Abatement

Question 97

is often the most serious problem in air pollution control.

Answer 97

Collection of pollutants for treatment

Question 98

is a notorious polluter mainly because the effluent (exhaust) is so difficult to trap and treat.

Answer 98

Automobile exhaust

Question 99

is one means of control. Many stationary industries recycle exhaust gases, usually CO and volatile organic compounds, as for the process.

Answer 99

Recycling of exhaust gases

Question 100

* The exhaust gases to be treated are sometimes too hot for the control equipment, and must be cooled.

Answer 100

cooling

Question 101

may also drop the temperature below condensation point of some pollutants, so they may be collected as liquids.

Answer 101

cooling

Question 102

are all acceptable cooling methods.

Answer 102

Dilution quenching, heat exchange

Question 103

are probably the most widely used cooling method and are especially appropriate where heat can be conserved.

Answer 103

Cooling coils

Question 104

requires matching the characteristics of the pollutant with features of the control device.

Answer 104

Selection of the treatment device

Question 105

vary in size over many orders of magnitude, from ideal gas molecules to macroscopic particles several millimeters in diameter.

Answer 105

Pollutant particles

Question 106

The various air pollution control devices are conveniently divided into those that control particulate matter and those that control gaseous pollutants. Some of this are the following:

Answer 106

Cyclones Fabric Filters Wet Collectors/Scrubbers Electrostatic Precipitators HEPA Filters

Question 107

is a popular, economical, and effective means of controlling particulates. They alone are generally not adequate to meet stringent air pollution control regulations, but serve as pre cleaners for control devices like fabric filters or electrostatic precipitators.

Answer 107

Cyclones

Question 108

are used for controlling particulate matter operate like a vacuum cleaner. Dirty gas is blown or sucked thorough fabric filter bag.

Answer 108

Fabric Filters

Question 109

the spray tower or scrubber can remove larger particles effectively. More efficient s c r u b b e r s p r o m o t e t h e contract between air and water by violent action in a narrow throat section into which the water is introduced.

Answer 109

Wet Collectors/Scrubbers

Question 110

are widely used to trap fine particulate matter in applications where a large amount of gas needs treatment and where use of a wet scrubber is not appropriate. Coal-burning electric generating plants, primary and secondary smelters, and incinerators often used this.

Answer 110

Electrostatic Precipitators

Question 111

very hazardous or toxic particulate matter of diameter less than 1 μm must sometimes be controlled to better than 99.9%. A single stage of High Efficiency Particulate Attenuation (HEPA) micropore or glass frit filters, through which the pre cleaned gas is forced or sucked by vacuum, can achieve this level of control, and four to six HEPA filter stages in series can achieve 99.9999% control. HEPA filters are used to control emission of radioactive particles.

Answer 111

HEPA Filters

Question 112

(HEPA)

Answer 112

High Efficiency Particulate Attenuation

Question 113

is the process by which contaminants move through the air and a plume spreads over a large area, thus reducing the concentration of the pollutants it contains.

Answer 113

Dispersion

Question 114

The plumes spreads both

Answer 114

horizontally and vertically.

Question 115

spreads both horizontally and vertically.

Answer 115

The plumes

Question 116

The most commonly used model for the dispersion of gaseous air pollutants

Answer 116

Gaussian model developed by Pasquill,

Question 117

in which gases dispersed in the atmosphere are assumed to exhibit ideal gas behavior.

Answer 117

Gaussian model developed by Pasquill,

Question 118

Many atmospheric factors influence the way air pollution is

Answer 118

dispersed,

Question 119

* Many atmospheric factors influence the way air pollution is dispersed, including

Answer 119

wind direction and wind speed, type of terrain and heating effects.

Question 120

To better understand how atmosphere processes can affect ground level pollution, can be------------------- described simply as either stable or unstable, where the stability is determined by wind (which stirs the air) and heating effects (which cause convection currents).

Answer 120

atmospheric conditions

Question 121

is determined by wind (which stirs the air)

Answer 121

stability

Question 122

is determine by which cause convection currents

Answer 122

heating effects

Question 123

The processes by which the atmosphere cleans itself do exist, and includes the effect of gravity, contact with the earth’s surface, and removal by precipitation.

Answer 123

DISPERSION

Question 124

particles in the air, if they are larger than about a millimeter in diameter, are observed to settle out under the influence of gravity.

Answer 124

➡ Effect of Gravity

Question 125

many atmospheric gases are absorbed by the features of the earth’s surface, including stone, soil, vegetation, bodies of water and other materials. Soluble gases like SO2 dissolve readily in surface waters.

Answer 125

Surface Sink absorption

Question 126

it removes contaminants from the air by two methods.

Answer 126

Precipitation

Question 127

is an “in-cloud” process in which very small pollutant particles become nuclei for the formation of rain droplets that grow and eventually fall as precipitation.

Answer 127

*Rainout

Question 128

is a “below-cloud” process in which rain falls through the pollutant particles and molecules, which are entrained by the impinging rain droplets or which actually dissolve in the rainwater.

Answer 128

*Washout

Question 129

is transferred from the earth’s surface by radiation, conduction, and convection.

Answer 129

* Heat

Question 130

masses heat and cool faster than water

Answer 130

land

Question 131

is measured as wind velocity.

Answer 131

* Horizontal wind motion

Question 132

are plotted as a wind rose, a graphic picture of wind velocities and the direction from which the wind came.

Answer 132

Wind velocity data

Question 133

As a parcel of air in the earth’s atmosphere rises through the atmosphere, it experiences decreasing pressure and thus expands.

Answer 133

VERTICAL DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS

Question 134

The rate at which dry air cools as it rises is called

Answer 134

dry adiabatic lapse rate

Question 135

is independent of the ambient air temperature.

Answer 135

dry adiabatic lapse rate

Question 136

These includes paper and plastic generated at home, ash produced by industry, cafeteria food wastes, leaves and cut grass from parks, hospital medical wastes, and d e m o l i t i o n d e b r i s f r o m a construction site.

Answer 136

๏Solid wastes

Question 137

These materials are considered a -------- when owners and society believe they no longer have value.

Answer 137

waste

Question 138

varies g reatly between cultures and countries and has evolve over time.

Answer 138

Solid-waste management

Question 139

differ from liquid or gaseous wastes because they cannot be pumped or flow like fluids.

Answer 139

๏Solid wastes

Question 140

can be placed into solids forms (including soils) and thus can be contained more easily.

Answer 140

๏Solid wastes

Question 141

Proper management of solid wastes has four main objectives:

Answer 141

1.Protect public health 2.Protect the environment (including diversity) 3.Address social concerns (equity, environmental justice, aesthetics, risk, public preferences, recycling, renewable energy) 4.Minimize cost

Question 142

*Preindustrial communities arranged to have solid waste collected and disposed of in central locations termed

Answer 142

middens.

Question 143

when it increased, solid waste became more of a problem. Some wastes were left in streets and alleys, feeding dogs, pigs, and rats.

Answer 143

population, urbanization, and consumption

Question 144

*During the 1900s, increased industrialization resulted in the production of different wastes —

Answer 144

more hazardous solid wastes.

Question 145

*Non recovered solid wastes were placed into engineered facilities

Answer 145

engineered or sanitary landfills.

Question 146

In the past twenty years, there has been an increased emphasis on-----------as part of the pollution prevention.

Answer 146

reduction, reuse and recycling ( the three Rs)

Question 147

Solid wastes other than hazardous and radioactive materials are considered as------------and consist of all the solid and semisolid materials discharged by the community.

Answer 147

municipal solid waste (MSW)

Question 148

The solid wastes jointly managed by a municipality are

Answer 148

municipal solid waste (MSW)

Question 149

The fraction of MSW produced in domestic households is called

Answer 149

refuse.

Question 150

The components of refuse are:

Answer 150

garbage or food wastes rubbish - including glass, tin cans, and paper trash - including larger items like limbs, old appliances, and pallets that are usually deposited in garbage cans

Question 151

depends on both the characteristics of the site and the characteristics of the MSW itself.

Answer 151

Refuse management

Question 152

The following are characteristic of MSW:

Answer 152

1)Gross composition 2)Moisture content 3)Particle size 4)Chemical composition 5)Density

Question 153

it can be the most important characteristic affecting MSW disposal, or the recovery of materials and energy from refuse.

Answer 153

Gross composition

Question 154

is expressed either “as generated” or “as disposed”, since moisture transfer takes place during disposal process.

Answer 154

Refuse composition

Question 155

of MSW may vary between 15 and 30%, and is usually about 20%.

Answer 155

2.Moisture content

Question 156

is particularly important in refuse processing for resource recovery.

Answer 156

3.Particle size distribution

Question 157

the use of both proximate and ultimate analysis in the combustion of MSW and its various fractions

Answer 157

4.Chemical composition

Question 158

Wastes that spreads disease are termed

Answer 158

putrescible wastes.

Question 159

They can spread disease----------- (as in the case of dirty diapers),

Answer 159

directly

Question 160

or----------- by providing a food source for disease vectors such as insects (flies) or animals (rats, dogs, birds).

Answer 160

indirectly

Question 161

Some solid wastes (Ex. mining wastes and most agricultural and industrial wastes) are managed by the

Answer 161

waste generator.

Question 162

Smaller sources are usually managed jointly under

Answer 162

one integrated system.

Question 163

Sources of Solid Waste that Makes Up MSW:

Answer 163

Residential Commercial Institutional Construction and Demolition Municipal services Industrial Agricultural Mining

Question 164

Main sources of waste according to a research entitled “Recycling of Organic Wastes for Biomass Energy Production in Green Buildings”, Dec. 2016

Answer 164

industrial irrigation domestic/residential public supplied industrial, commercial mining

Question 165

Sources of Solid Wastes that Makes Up MSW:

Answer 165

➡Residential ➡Commercial ➡Institutional ➡Construction and Demolition ➡Municipal services ➡Industrial ➡ Agricultural ➡Mining

Question 166

are some of the major source of solid waste. Garbage from these places include food wastes, plastics, paper, glass, leather, cardboard, metals, yard wastes, ashes and special wastes like bulky household items like electronics, tires, batteries, old mattresses and used oil.

Answer 166

➡Residential and homes where people live

Question 167

commercial buildings and facilities refer to hotels, markets, restaurants, go downs, stores and office buildings. Some of the solid wastes generated from these places include plastics, food wastes, metals, paper, glass, wood, cardboard materials, special wastes and other hazardous waste

Answer 167

➡Commercial buildings and facilities

Question 168

these schools, colleges, prisons, military barracks and other government centered that also produce solid waste. Some of the common solid wastes obtained from these places include glass, rubber waste, plastics, food wastes, wood, paper, metals, cardboard materials, electronics as well as various hazardous wastes.

Answer 168

➡Institutional

Question 169

these sites include new construction sites for buildings and roads, road repair sites, building renovation sites and building demolition sites. Some of the solid wastes produces in these places include steel materials, concrete, wood, plastics, rubber, copper wires, dirt and glass.

Answer 169

➡Construction and Demolition

Question 170

the urban centers also contribute immensely to the solid waste crisis in most countries today. Some of the solid waste brought about by the municipal services includes street cleaning, wastes from parks and beaches, wastewater treatment plants, landscaping wastes and wastes from recreational areas including sludge.

Answer 170

➡Municipal services

Question 171

they are known to be one of the biggest contributors of solid waste. They include light and heavy manufacturing industries, construction sites, fabrication plants, canning plants, power and chemical plants. These industries produce solid wastes in form of housekeeping wastes, food wastes, packaging wastes, ashes, construction and demolition materials, special wastes, medical wastes as well as hazardous wastes.

Answer 171

➡Industrial

Question 172

crop farms, orchards, dairies, vineyards and feedlots are also sources of solid wastes. Among the wastes they produce include agricultural wastes, spoiled food, pesticide containers and other hazardous materials.

Answer 172

➡ Agricultural

Question 173

from coal mining, uranium metal mining, oil/gas exploration. Some of the solid wastes produced are vast amounts of solid waste needing specialized management.

Answer 173

➡Mining

Question 174

The quantities of MSW generated in a community may be estimated by one of three techniques:

Answer 174

1. Input analysis 2. Secondary data analysis - 3. Output analysis -

Question 175

- estimates MSW based on use of a number of products.

Answer 175

1. Input analysis

Question 176

may be used to estimate solid waste production by some empirical relationship.

Answer 176

2. Secondary data analysis -

Question 177

should be measured by weighing the refuse dumped at the disposal site, either with truck scales or with portable wheeled scales.

Answer 177

3. Output analysis -

Question 178

The amount of generated MSW can vary within a year , b e t w e e n u r b a n a n d r u r a l a r e a s , geographically, with income, and among countries.

Answer 178

Quantities of Municipal Solid Waste

Question 179

One key is to understand the differences between

Answer 179

generation rates and discard rates (the difference being the part of the waste stream that is reused or recycled).

Question 180

Wastes are considered ---------- when they pose a direct threat to human health or the environment.

Answer 180

hazardous waste

Question 181

Waste can be classified as hazardous by one of six characteristics:

Answer 181

1) Ignitable 2) Corrosive 3) Reactive 4) Toxic 5) Radioactive 6) Infectious

Question 182

-Can the waste create a fire (e.g., waste solvent)?

Answer 182

Ignitable

Question 183

-Is the waste very acidic or basic and so able to corrode storage containers (e.g., battery acids)?

Answer 183

2) Corrosive

Question 184

-Can the waste participate in rapid chemical reactions leading to explosions, toxic fumes, or excessive heat (e.g., lithium that can react with water explosively,

Answer 184

3) Reactive

Question 185

-Can the waste cause internal damage to a person or organism (e.g., poisons causing death or blindness, carcinogens)?

Answer 185

4) Toxic

Question 186

-Can the waste release subatomic particles that can cause toxic effects (e.g., some medical and laboratory wastes, wastes associated with nuclear energy production)?

Answer 186

5) Radioactive

Question 187

-Can the waste lead to the transmission of disease (e.g., used syringes, hospital medical wastes)?

Answer 187

6) Infectious

Question 188

Formaldehyde Toxic in nature; carcinogen; irritates eyes, nose,throat and skin; nervous, digestive, respiratory system

Answer 188

Air fresheners & deodorizers

Question 189

Sodium hypochlorite Corrosive; irritates and burns skin and eyes; nervous, respiratory, digestive system damage

Answer 189

Bleach

Question 190

Sodium hypochlorite Corrosive; irritates and burns skin and eyes; nervous, respiratory, digestive system damage Sodium hypochlorite Corrosive; irritates and burns skin and eyes; nervous, respiratory, digestive system damage Phenols Ignitable; very toxic in nature; respiratory and circulatory system damage Ammonia Toxic in nature; vapor irritates skin, eyes and respiratory tract

Answer 190

Disinfectants

Question 191

harmful ingredients: potential hazards:

Question 192

harmful ingredients: potential hazards:

Question 193

Sodium/potassium hydroxide (lye) Corrosive; burns skin and eyes; toxic in nature; nervous, digestive and urinary system damage

Answer 193

Drain cleaner

Question 194

Carbaryl Very toxic in nature; irritates skin; causes nervous, respiratory and circulatory system damage Dichlorophene Toxic in nature; irritates skin; causes nervous and digestive system damage Chlordane and other chlorinated hydrocarbons Toxic in nature; irritates eyes and skin; cause respiratory, digestive and urinary system damage

Answer 194

Flea powder

Question 195

Diethylene glycol Toxic in nature; causes nervous, digestive and urinary system damage Petroleum solvents Highly ignitable; carcinogenic; irritate skin, eyes, throat, nose and lungs Ammonia Toxic in nature; vapor irritates skin, eyes and respiratory tract

Answer 195

Floor cleaner/wax

Question 196

Petroleum distillates or mineral spirits Highly ignitable; toxic in nature; carcinogen; irritate skin, eyes, nose, throat and lungs

Answer 196

Furniture polish

Question 197

Sodium/potassium hydroxide (lye) Corrosive; burns skin, eyes; toxic in nature; causes nervous and digestive system damage

Answer 197

Oven cleaner

Question 198

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons Toxic in nature; cause digestive and urinary system damage Esters Toxic in nature; irritate eyes, nose and throat Alcohols Ignitable; cause nervous system damage; irritate eyes, nose and throat Chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons Ignitable; toxic in nature; digestive system damage Ketones Ignitable; toxic in nature; respiratory system damage

Answer 198

Paint thinner

Question 199

Aromatic hydrocarbon thinners Ignitable; toxic in nature; carcinogenic; irritates skin, eyes, nose and throat; respiratory system damage Mineral spirits Highly ignitable; toxic in nature; irritates skin, eyes, nose and throat; respiratory system damage

Answer 199

Paints

Question 200

Calcium hypochlorite Corrosive; irritates skin, eyes, and throat; if ingested cause severe burns to the digestive tract Ethylene (algaecides) m acid sulfate or oxalate or hypochloric acid

Answer 200

Pool sanitizers

Question 201

Sodium acid sulfate or oxalate or hypochloric acid Corrosive; toxic in nature; burns skin; causes digestive and respiratory system damage Chlorinated phenols Ignitable; very toxic in nature; cause respiratory and circulatory system damage

Answer 201

Toilet bowl cleaner

Question 202

Diethylene glycol Toxic in nature; cause nervous, urinary and digestive system damage Ammonia Toxic in nature; vapor irritates skin, eyes and respiratory tract

Answer 202

Window cleaners

Question 203

Solid-waste system comprises of:

Answer 203

(1) waste generation (2)storage (3)collection and transport (4)processing and disposal

Question 204

of municipal solid waste typically accounts for 40% to 80% of the total cost of solid-waste management.

Answer 204

Storage, collection, and transport

Question 205

Three questions need be considered when designing a storage, collection, and transport system:

Answer 205

1.Which wastes should be collected from the generator, and which should the generator transport to a processing facility? 2.To what extent should the generators be asked to separate collected waste into different fractions? 3.Should waste be transported directly to a treatment/disposal facility, or should collection vehicles transfer wastes into a more efficient vehicle first?

Question 206

is needed whether a separate vehicle should be used for newspapers or whether existing collection for recycled goods or general waste could be used. ๏ Common options available for the interrelated problems of storage, collection, and transport can be used to devise creative and sustainable solutions. ๏ There are specific vehicles and a container are used for collection, storage, and transport of specific components of municipal solid waste.

Answer 206

An assessment

Question 207

is an expensive part of of waste management, and many new devices and methods have been proposed in order to cut costs. ๏In the US, and in most other industrialized countries, solid waste is collected by trucks. ๏Collections are facilitated by the use of containers that are emptied into the truck with a mechanical or hydraulic mechanism.

Question 208

either are emptied into the truck or are carried by truck to the disposal site.

Answer 208

C o m m e r c i a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l c o n t a i n e r s , “dumpsters”,

Question 209

reduce the amount of garbage in refuse. Garbage grinders are so ubiquitous that in most communities garbage collection is needed only once a week.

Answer 209

Garbage grinders

Question 210

it have been installed in some small communities, mostly in Sweden and Japan. The refuse is ground at the residence and sucked through underground lines.

Answer 210

Pneumatic pipes

Question 211

can reduce collection and MSW disposal costs and thus reduce local taxes, but only if every household has one.

Answer 211

Kitchen garbage compactor

Question 212

are part of many urban refuse collection systems. A typical system includes several stations located at various points in a city, to which collection trucks bring the refuse. The drive to each transfer station is relatively short, so that workers spend more time collecting and less time traveling.

Answer 212

Transfer stations

Question 213

of ten provided by the community, are widely used for transfer of refuse from the household to the collection truck.

Answer 213

Cans on wheels

Question 214

may result in significant cost saving as well as increased effectiveness. Software is available for selecting least- cost routes and collection frequencies.

Answer 214

Route optimization

Question 215

of materials involves either the voluntary continued use of a product for a purpose for which it may be not have been originally intended. - In materials reuse the product does not return to the industrial sector, but remains within the public or consumer sector.

Answer 215

Reuse

Question 216

is the collection of a product by the public and the return of this material to the industrial sector. - This is very different from reuse, where the materials do not return for remanufacturing.

Answer 216

, Recycling,

Question 217

it differs from recycling in that the waste is collected as mixed refuse, and then t h e m a t e r i a l s a r e r e m o ve d b y v a r i o u s processing steps. - Recovery of materials is commonly conducted in a materials recover y f a c i l i t y ( M R F o r “murph”). PET bottles are separated from other plastics in a materials recovery facility.

Answer 217

Resource Recovery

Question 218

๏A wide variety of ----------- is available for separation of waste materials.

Answer 218

mechanical equipment

Question 219

can separate ferrous metals, but only after any bags have been opened and the waste has been placed on conveyor.

Answer 219

๏Magnets

Question 220

๏Methods can involve screens, sieve-like inclined shaking tables, bursts of air, and rotating sieves called

Answer 220

trammels.

Question 221

is a microbial process that treats biodegradable wastes. The reactions are similar to those employed in aerobic wastewater treatment.

Answer 221

Composting

Question 222

The most common applications of composting are for:

Answer 222

1.Industrial/agricultural wastes 2.Source-operated MSW

Question 223

ex. wood waste, fish-processing waste

Answer 223

1.Industrial/agricultural wastes

Question 224

ex. such as yard wastes separately collected or mixture of yard and food wastes separately collected.

Answer 224

2.Source-operated MSW

Question 225

is a trapezoidal pile of processed organic matter left in the open air.

Answer 225

➡Windrow

Question 226

is a system that maintains the processed organic matter in a large container.

Answer 226

➡In-vessel

Question 227

Composting has several objectives:

Answer 227

(1) to reduce the mass of waste to be managed (2) to reduce pollution potential (3) to destroy any pathogens (4) to produce a product that can be marketed or used by the local community

Question 228

(also called waste-to-energy) is a combustion process where oxygen is used at high temperature to liberate the energy in waste.

Answer 228

incineration

Question 229

an reduce the amount of waste needing disposal, generate energy for a community, and also reduce MSW transportation costs.

Answer 229

incineration

Question 230

are complex and requires advanced skills in construction and operation.

Answer 230

incineration systems

Question 231

Common Incineration Systems:

Answer 231

Mass-burn Modular Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) Co-incineration Hazardous waste Cement kilns

Question 232

Unsegregated municipal solid waste is combusted.

Answer 232

Mass-burn

Question 233

Small incinerators focus on treatment of specific waste streams (e.g., medical waste)

Answer 233

Modular

Question 234

Energy-rich waste streams can be separated from other wastes and burned, typically as a substitute for fossil fuels such as coal, in power plants. Wastewater treatment biosolids are one such waste stream.

Answer 234

Refuse-derived fuel (RDF)

Question 235

Specific postproduction commercial/industrial wastes, such as wood wastes from construction, can be combusted with production wastes, such as paper mill sludges or dried wastewater treatment plant biosolids to produce energy.

Answer 235

Co-incineration

Question 236

Hazardous organic wastes (e.g., solvents, pesticides) can be combusted to destroy the wastes, though this requires very close attention to air emissions.

Answer 236

Hazardous waste

Question 237

Cement factories may provide suitable conditions of many wastes, including waste tires and waste oils, during the production of cement.

Answer 237

Cement kilns

Question 238

are engineered facilities designed and operate for the long-term containment of solid wastes. ๏Design of the landfill will vary greatly based on the waste and the location of the facility.

Answer 238

landfills

Question 239

where are the wastes are placed and compacted into solid forms, then covered to limit exposure to water and air.

Answer 239

In landfills

Question 240

are technically advanced facilities with sophisticated environmental protection systems.

Answer 240

landfills

Question 241

Environmental protection in landfills occurs through a combination of four barriers:

Answer 241

1. appropriate siting 2. engineered design that is carefully implemented during construction and operation 3. exclusion of inappropriate wastes 4. short- and long-term monitoring

Question 242

is water that contacts the wastes and becomes a contaminated wastewater. ๏ As biological materials decompose in landfills, oxygen is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced. Over time, an anaerobic environment evolves that leads to the production of methane gas.

Answer 242

Leachate

Question 243

The first and foremost consideration in the prevention of environmental impact from landfill is

Answer 243

selection of an appropriate landfill site.

Question 244

is rapidly becoming the most difficult stage of the process since few people wish to have landfills in their neighborhoods.

Answer 244

Siting of Landfill

Question 245

Early sanitary landfills were often indistinguishable from dumps,thereby enhancing the-----------” image.

Answer 245

“bad neighbor

Question 246

Other considerations are the following in choosing a landfill:

Answer 246

1) Drainage 2) Wind 3) Distance from collection 4) Size 5) Rainfall patterns 6) Soil type 7) Depth of the water table 8) Treatment of leachate 9) Proximity to airports 10)Ultimate use

Question 247

Wastes that are disposed into a landfill undergo a series of interrelated chemical and biological reactions. These reactions deter mine the quantity and composition of t h e g a s a n d l e a c h a t e produced by the landfill, and t h u s d e t e r m i n e t h e management required.

Answer 247

Landfill Decomposition

Question 248

-The production of landfill gas is best viewed as both a problem and an opportunity.

Answer 248

Landfill Gas

Question 249

-Landfill gas is a problem for the following reasons:

Answer 249

1. It can be explosive when mixed with oxygen. 2. It can be a human health concern for site workers. 3. It can create odors. 4. It can displace oxygen in soils, which may suffocate nearby plants. 5. It can emit methane to the atmosphere, which contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

Question 250

No matter what controls are implemented to minimize the movement of water into a landfill, some water will enter and produce leachate. Control of leachate needs to consider the quantity and quality of the leachate, as well as its potential adverse effects.

Answer 250

Landfill Leachate

Question 251

Three different strategies are used to control the volume and strength of leachate:

Answer 251

1. Isolation - 2. Natural attenuation 3. Controlled biological degradation -

Question 252

waste is isolated by limiting the entrance of water and thus the production of leachate.

Answer 252

1. Isolation -

Question 253

- the natural physical, chemical, and microbiological properties of soil treat the leachate.

Answer 253

2. Natural attenuation

Question 254

landfill conditions are modified to optimize degradation. This option typically involves adding moisture and ensuring suitable mixing, ensuring that toxic chemicals are kept out of the waste, and maintaining proper pH, nutrients and monitoring.

Answer 254

3. Controlled biological degradation -

Question 255

design that must include methods for the recovery and treatment of the leachate produced by the decomposing refuse, and the venting or use of the landfill gas.

Answer 255

Landfill Design

Question 256

are designed facilities, much like water or wastewater treatment plants.

Answer 256

Modern landfills

Question 257

➡ The two principal design types are:

Answer 257

1. Area landfill 2. Valley fill landfill

Question 258

Solid-Waste Energy Technologies

Answer 258

1. Anaerobic Digestion 2. Gasification - 3. Pyrolysis -

Question 259

- is a biological process of converting separated biodegradable solid wastes into methane gas and a solid residue that is suitable for turning into compost.

Answer 259

1. Anaerobic Digestion

Question 260

is a process, similar to incineration, where less than stoichiometric amounts of oxygen are applied to the waste in the reaction vessel.2. Gasification - 3. Pyrolysis -

Answer 260

2. Gasification - 3. Pyrolysis -

Question 261

is a similar process, where even less oxygen or no oxygen is applied to the reaction, leading to the production of high-energy gases and a solid residue (char) that can be separated to give a high-energy residue for later combustion.

Answer 261

3. Pyrolysis -

Question 262

Successful solid-waste management requires a

Answer 262

systems approach.

Question 263

Separation of waste types by waste generators, known as,

Answer 263

source separation

Question 264

is a key part of a good system.

Answer 264

source separation

Question 265

zero waste system

Answer 265

shifting subsidies design for the environment clean production distribution empowered consumer resource recovery centers producer responsibility jobs for the environment changing rules

Question 266

A successful solid-waste management requires the following:

Answer 266

1. focus on the overall objectives 2. creativity in developing new sustainable possibilities, which may include redefining the original problem 3. recognition of the impact that decisions on one part of the system can have on the functioning of the overall system

Question 267

‣Public concern about solid waste is high, as it is for many other engineering activities. ‣As a result, engineers today must discuss proposed projects and prog rams with the various stakeholders that make up the public — an effort that includes listening to the public’s concerns and ideas.

Answer 267

Consultation

Question 268

‣A first step in a process of consultation is the

Answer 268

identification of stakeholders who have a direct or indirect interest in the project.

Question 269

Stakeholders can be:

Answer 269

➡the neighbor ➡the local community ➡the wider community ➡news media ➡elected officials ➡environmental and social interest groups ➡cultural groups

Question 270

Consultation methods are:

Answer 270

➡Information releases ➡Field trips/ site visits ➡Information stands/ club visits ➡Contact person ➡Public meetings ➡Workshops ➡Advisory committees ➡Mediation

Question 271

-Inform the public of preferred behaviors. -Exchanges of commercial waste -Information is in individual’s best interest as well as helping waste management -Changing behavior will create difficulties for individuals.

Answer 271

Public information campaigns

Question 272

-Inform the public which consumer goods create fewer waste problems. -Reusable shopping bags; Eco labeled detergents -Consumers lack information on waste impacts of products. -differences between options are small or difficult to assess.

Answer 272

-Ecolabeling

Question 273

-Government or industry groups set future goals. -50% increase in paper recyclingg by 2020 -Society agrees on direction but lacks a focus. -Target does not consider costs, side effects, or risks.

Answer 273

-Waste Targets

Question 274

-Government supports recycling or waste minimization efforts. -Grants to community recycling efforts -Environmental effects of waste are not reflected by costs. -Grants awarded for activities that would happen in any case.

Answer 274

Government subsidies

Question 275

-Producers of waste rather than the government pay the full cost of management. -Weight-based charges for residential solid waste - Cost of charging system is small. -Users avoid charges by illegal practices

Answer 275

User pays

Question 276

- Violators of rules pay a fine. -Tickets for littering -Behavior is clearly negative, and few violators exist. -Many violators and each causes very small impact

Answer 276

Enforcement

Question 277

-Consumers receive refund as incentive for proper management of waste. -Deposit-refund for car batteries -High negative consequences of improper waste management. -Large costs to operate system, and few environmental benefits.

Answer 277

Deposit-refund

Question 278

-Government imposes taxes on waste. -Landfill tax -Taxes linked to environmental consequences of activities. -Large costs to operate system or undesirable side effects.

Answer 278

Waste taxes

Question 279

-Producers responsible to take back goods at end-of-use life stage. -Computer return systems -Goods can be reused easily in production of new products. -Large costs in collection, storage, and transport

Answer 279

Producer responsibility

Question 280

-Government prohibits goods or practices. -Ban of specific pesticides; ban of backyard burning -Goods/practices have high potential for harm, and other policy options are too costly. -Impacts are small or can be managed with other policies.

Answer 280

Ban of goods and practices

Question 281

๏Socially acceptable waste management facilities can be expensive, and equitable compromises between costs and social benefits are needed. ๏An underlying cause of difficulty is the economy of scale of most waste management facilities, which means that a facility twice as large does not cost twice as much. ๏Economy of scale means that larger landfills, incinerators, and compost plants are economically favored. ๏Sustainable development has shown that local solutions are often a preferred alternative.

Answer 281

Cost Estimation

Question 282

- includes many chemicals and materials, including poisonous or toxic chemicals, where improper use and disposal of these products can result in the production of hazardous waste that can pollute the environment

Answer 282

Hazardous substance

Question 283

comes from a variety of sources, both present and past activities. Years ago, before we understood the dangers of hazardous waste, there were no laws controlling its disposal.

Answer 283

Hazardous waste

Question 284

Many businesses and industries treated their hazardous waste the same as the rest of their trash —so it ended up in a---------

Answer 284

*landfill, *dumped in a river or lake, *buried in the ground.

Question 285

were selected for convenience and placed with little or no attention to potential impacts on groundwater quality, runoff to streams and lakes, and skin contact as children played hide-and-seek in a forest of abandoned 55-gal drums.

Answer 285

Disposal sites

Question 286

These production engineers solved disposal problems by simply pilling or dumping these waste products

Answer 286

“out-back”.

Question 287

Attitudes in the United States began to change in the

Answer 287

1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

Question 288

are now no longer viewed as commodities to be polluted with the problems of cleanup freely passed to neighboring towns or future generations.

Answer 288

Air, water, and land

Question 289

was enacted to give the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) specific authority to regulate the generation, transportation, and disposal of dangerous and hazardous materials.

Answer 289

1976, the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

Question 290

a United States federal environmental remediation program created in 1980 to investigate and clean up hazardous waste sites nationwide administered by the Environmental Protection Agency

Answer 290

Superfund Program

Question 291

The federal government attempted to impose classification system under the implementation of RCRA, in which a hazardous waste is defined by

Answer 291

*the degree of ignitability, *corrosivity, *reactivity, *toxicity. includes acids, toxic chemicals, explosives, and other harmful or potentially harmful waste.

Question 292

are excluded, such wastes are obviously hazardous, but their generation, handling, processing, and disposal differ from chemically hazardous wastes.

Answer 292

Radioactive waste

Question 293

The process by which living organisms concentrate an element or compound in levels in excess of the surrounding environment.

Answer 293

Bioconcentration

Question 294

A calculated dose of a chemical substance that is expected to kill 50% of a population exposed through a route other than respiration (mg/kg of body weight).

Answer 294

LD50 (lethal dose 50)

Question 295

A calculated concentration of a chemical substance that, when following the respiratory route, will kill 50% of a population during a 4-h exposure period (ambient concentration in mg/L).

Answer 295

LD50

Question 296

The ability of a chemical substance to cause poisonous reactions in plants.

Answer 296

Phytotoxicity

Question 297

All radioactive materials, as well as health protection from ionizing radiation, have been regulated by a separate and independent government agency:

Answer 297

the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1954 until 1974, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) since 1974.

Question 298

of hazardous waste is generated by the chemical and allied products industry. The machinery, primary metals, paper, and glass products industries each generate between 3 and 10% of the nation’s total.

Answer 298

More than 60%

Question 299

Most hazardous waste is generated and inadequately disposed of

Answer 299

in the eastern portion of the country.

Question 300

A substance will be hazardous waste if it is:

Answer 300

1. Reactive 2. Corrosive 3. Flammable (ignitable) 4. Toxic

Question 301

is only waste that when ingested or absorbed, is harmful or fatal to living organism.

Answer 301

❖A toxic waste

Question 302

may be sometimes toxic.

Answer 302

Hazardous waste

Question 303

will always be Hazardous waste.

Answer 303

❖A toxic waste

Question 304

examples of corrosive

Answer 304

-batteries -Drain cleaners -oven cleaners

Question 305

examples of toxic

Answer 305

-pesticides -rat poison -pharmaceuticals -cleaning fluids

Question 306

examples of reactive

Answer 306

-pool chemicals -ammonia -bleach -Aerosols

Question 307

examples of flammable

Answer 307

-paints -solvents -oils -gasolines -bbq starter -propane cylinders

Question 308

➡capable bursting into flames and may give off harmful vapors ➡pose a fire hazard and irritate the skin, eyes, and lungs

Answer 308

1.Ignitable

Question 309

➡Ignitable substances in these wastes may be:

Answer 309

- Liquids - Gases

Question 310

➡They catch fire due to:

Answer 310

➡ Presence of ignition source (liquid) ➡ From friction or contact with water (nonliquids) e.g. ignitable gases; and oxidizers (organic peroxide)

Question 311

➡capable of chemically wearing substances away (corroding) or destroying them ➡characteristic of substances that exhibit extremes of acidity or basicity or a tendency to corrode steel (e.g.,HCL etc.) ➡For example, most acids are corrosive. They can eat through metal, burn human skin on contact, and give off capers that burns the eyes ➡Acids found in batteries are corrosive

Answer 311

2. Corrosive

Question 312

➡Substances which are listed or its compounds are toxic. eg., Arsenic D004 ➡it can cause illness — ranging from severe headaches to dance — and even death if swallowed, and many are also absorbed through the skin ➡poisonous to people and other organisms ➡pesticides, weed killers, and many household cleaners are toxic

Answer 312

3. Toxicity

Question 313

➡Substances that have a tendency to undergo violent chemical change (examples are explosives, pyrophoric materials, water-reactive substances, or cyanide- or sulfide- bearing wastes) ➡capable of exploding or releasing poisonous gas when mixed with another substance or chemical

Answer 313

4.Reactivity

Question 314

are reactive, when they come in contact with each other they produce a poisonous gas

Answer 314

chlorine bleach and ammonia

Question 315

results from industrial, chemical, and biological processes.

Answer 315

Toxic waste

Question 316

Sources of hazardous waste are:

Answer 316

1. by products of industrial, domestic activities 2. mining sites and mineral 3. agricultural facilities and research laboratories 4. all sources that discharges liquid, solid and gas that fit the definition of hazardous waste can be regarded as hazardous waste 5. agricultural land and agro-industry 6.contaminated sites and building materials

Question 317

➡Common hazardous waste include:

Answer 317

1. waste oil and fuel 2. solvents and thinners 3. toxic and flammable paint wastes 4. chlorinated solvent, heavy metals 5. perchlorate and peroxides 6. radioactive waste, etc.

Question 318

EXAMPLES OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

Answer 318

-car batteries -pesticide -light bulbs -used motor oil

Question 319

HAZARDOUS WASTE HAVE FOUR (4) CATEGORIES:

Answer 319

1.Listed wastes - 2.Characteristic wastes - 3.Universal wastes - 4.Mixed wastes -

Question 320

wastes that EPA has determined are hazardous. The lists include the F-list (wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes), K-list (wastes from specific industries), and P- and U-lists (wastes from commercial chemical products)

Answer 320

1.Listed wastes -

Question 321

wastes that do not meet any of the listings above but that exhibit ignitability, corrosively, reactivity, or toxicity

Answer 321

2.Characteristic wastes -

Question 322

batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing equipment (e.g. thermostats) and lamps (e.g., fluorescent bulbs)

Answer 322

3.Universal wastes -

Question 323

waste that contains both radioactive and hazardous waste components.

Answer 323

4.Mixed wastes

Question 324

TWO TYPES OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

Answer 324

1.Designated waste (listed waste) 2.Characteristic wastes -

Question 325

➡is one that is specifically listed by USEPA as Hazardous

Answer 325

1.Designated waste (listed waste)

Question 326

➡is one that exhibits any one of the characteristics of ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity and toxicity. It is wastes that do not meet any of the listings type wastes but that exhibit ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity and toxicity

Answer 326

2.Characteristic wastes -

Question 327

designates more than 450 listed wastes which are specific substances or classes of substances known to be Hazardous, classified into four groups or lists: 1. F-type (waste from nonspecific sources) 2. K-type (wastes from specific sources) 3. P-type (acute hazardous wastes) 4. U-type (miscellaneous hazardous wastes)

Answer 327

EPA

Question 328

TYPES OF LISTING TYPE WASTES

Answer 328

1. F-type (waste from nonspecific sources) 2. K-type (wastes from specific sources) 3. P-type (acute hazardous wastes) 4. U-type (miscellaneous hazardous wastes)

Question 329

* Because the processes producing these wastes can occur in different sectors of industry, the F-listed wastes are known as wastes from non-specific sources.

Answer 329

1. F-type wastes (nonspecific wastes)

Question 330

* For example: This list identifies wastes from common manufacturing and industrial processes, such as solvents that have been used in cleaning or degreasing operations.

Answer 330

1. F-type wastes (nonspecific wastes

Question 331

* This list includes certain waters from specific industries, such as petroleum refining or pesticides manufacturing. * Certain sludge and wastewater from treatment and production processes in these industries are examples of source-specific wastes.

Answer 331

2. The K-list (source-specific wastes)

Question 332

* Wastes that have been found to be fatal to humans in low doses, or capable of causing or significantly contributing to an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating reversible illness.

Answer 332

3. P-type (acute hazardous wastes)

Question 333

* For example: These are mostly specific chemical species such as fluorine (P056) or 3-chloropropane nitrile (P027).

Answer 333

3. P-type (acute hazardous wastes)

Question 334

* A different variety of waste are listed here. * These are predominantly specific compounds such as calcium chromate (U032) or phthalic anhydride (U190).

Answer 334

4. U-type (miscellaneous hazardous wastes)

Question 335

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON THE ECOSYSTEM

Answer 335

The impact of hazardous waste on the environment is thought to be widespread and in some areas severe. Establishing cause-and-effect relationships between exposure and ecosystem damage is a major challenge. Even a mature ecosystem —one that has achieved stability over time— is constantly adapting to changes. Some of these changes are due to natural influences such as animal migrations patterns, weather, erosion, and sedimentation. Other changes, however, are the result of habitat encroachment and human pollution. This pollution is often in the form of complex mixtures of chemicals in widely varying concentrations.

Question 336

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON THE ECOSYSTEM

Answer 336

As ecosystems are complex and dynamic (ever changing), it makes linking any one effect to a specific cause very difficult. Conditions cannot be controlled sufficiently to allow the effects of individual pollutant to be observed. Only recently have scientists begun to focus attention on finding ways to determine the major effects of hazardous waste on ecosystems. But results from laboratory models cannot provide adequate measures of the diversity of species and the complexity of the relationships among all the living organisms that make ecosystems unique.

Question 337

EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON THE ECOSYSTEM

Answer 337

There is no single best strategy or design for assessing environmental pollution that is appropriate for every situation. Scientist generally use four major categories of tests to assess the impact of hazardous waste on ecosystems: ➡Chemical and physical tests - to measure contaminant levels, pH, oxygen levels, and other environmental conditions ➡Toxicity tests - to determine if the pollution can or is causing adverse biological effects in ecosystem species ➡Biomarkers - to indicate actual exposure ➡Field surveys The ecological assessments are important tools for any efforts to clean up hazardous waste contamination under the Superfund Program.

Question 338

Scientist generally use four major categories of tests to assess the impact of hazardous waste on ecosystems:

Answer 338

➡Chemical and physical tests - ➡Toxicity tests ➡Biomarkers ➡Field surveys

Question 339

to measure contaminant levels, pH, oxygen levels, and other environmental conditions

Answer 339

Chemical and physical tests

Question 340

to determine if the pollution can or is causing adverse biological effects in ecosystem species

Answer 340

➡Toxicity tests

Question 341

- to indicate actual exposure

Answer 341

➡Biomarkers

Question 342

Ideally, the waste can be stabilized, detoxified, or somehow rendered harmless in a treatment process similar to the following:

Answer 342

1. Chemical Stabilization/Fixation 2. Volume Reduction 3. Waste Segregation 4. Detoxification 5. Degradation 6. Encapsulation

Question 343

- In this process, chemicals are mixed with water sludge, the mixture is pumped onto land, and solidification occurs in several days or weeks. Chemical stabilization offers an alternative to digging up and moving large quantities of hazardous waste, and is particularly suitable for treating large volumes of dilute waste.

Answer 343

Chemical Stabilization/Fixation

Question 344

- It is usually achieved by incineration, which takes advantage of the large organic fraction of waste being generated by many industries, but may lead to secondary problems for hazardous waste engineers: air emissions in the stack of the incinerator

Answer 344

* Volume Reduction

Question 345

Many thermal, chemical, and biological processes are available to detoxify chemical wastes.

Answer 345

* Detoxification

Question 346

Many thermal, chemical, and biological processes are available to detoxify chemical wastes. Options include:

Answer 346

1. neutralization 2. ion exchange 3. incineration 4. pyrolysis 5. aerated lagoons 6. waste stabilization ponds

Question 347

There are different forms of degradation:

Answer 347

1. Chemical degradation - a form of chemical detoxification 2. Waste-specific degradation - processes include hydrolysis 3. Biological degradation - generally involves incorporating the waste into the soil 4. Land farming - relies on healthy soil microorganisms to metabolize the waste components.

Question 348

It is the method thats chemically degrade some hazardous wastes and render them less hazardous exist.There are different forms of degradation:

Answer 348

Degradation

Question 349

a form of chemical detoxification

Answer 349

Chemical degradation

Question 350

processes include hydrolysis

Answer 350

2. Waste-specific degradation

Question 351

generally involves incorporating the waste into the soil

Answer 351

3. Biological degradation

Question 352

relies on healthy soil microorganisms to metabolize the waste components.

Answer 352

4. Land farming

Question 353

- Before shipment to a processing or long-term storage facility, wastes are segregated by type and chemical characteristics.

Answer 353

Waste Segradation

Question 354

A wide range of material to encapsulate hazardous waste is available. Options include the basic 55-gal steel drum (the primary container for liquids), clay, plastics, and asphalt.

Answer 354

Encapsulation

Question 354

Hazardous wastes are transported across the nation on

Answer 354

trucks, rail flatcars, and barges.

Question 355

is a highly visible and constant threat to public safety and the environment.

Answer 355

Truck transportation and particularly small-truck transportation

Question 356

There are basic elements in the control strategy for the movement of hazardous waste from a generator:

Answer 356

1. Haulers 2. Hazardous Waste Manifest 3. Packaging 4. Labelling and Placarding 5. Accident and Incident Reporting

Question 357

In hazardous waste management, two types of systems exist for transferring this waste to a location where it is viewed as a resource:

Answer 357

hazardous waste materials transfer and hazardous waste information clearinghouse.

Question 358

An industrial process typically has three outputs:

Answer 358

a principal product (which is sold to a consumer) a useful by-product available for a sale to another industry waste (historically destined for ultimate disposal)

Question 359

a wide range of factors must be considered in siting hazardous waste management facilities.

Answer 359

Siting Consideration -

Question 360

In selecting a site, all of the relevant “-ologies” must be considered:

Answer 360

1. Hydrology 2. Climatology 3. Geology 4. Ecology 5. Alternative land use 6. Transportation 7. Socioeconomic Factors

Question 361

is a controlled process that uses combustion to convert a waste to a less bulky, less toxic, or less noxious material.

Answer 361

Incineration

Question 362

The principal products of incineration from a volume standpoint are

Answer 362

carbon dioxide, water, and ash,

Question 363

but the products of primary concern because of their environmental effects are compounds containing

Answer 363

sulfur, nitrogen, and halogens.

Question 364

refers to mixtures of hazardous and radioactive wastes; for example, organic solvents used in liquid scintillation counting are an excellent example.

Answer 364

*Mixed waste

Question 365

must be adequately designed and operated if public health and the environment are to be protected.

Answer 365

landfills

Question 366

The general components that go into the plans of a landfill are the following:

Answer 366

Design Operation Site Closure

Question 367

METHODS OF WASTE DISPOSAL (RADIOACTIVE WASTE)

Answer 367

Decay in storage (DIS) Dump to sanitary sewer Dispose as if not radioactive Vitrification Geological disposal Reprocessing Transmutation Space disposal Deep boreholes

Question 367

Decay in storage (DIS)

Answer 367

find it

Question 368

glass Low solubility Immobilization of waste for thousands of years Widely used for storage purpose

Answer 368

Vitrification

Question 369

specifically involves converting a chemical element into another less harmful one. Common conversions include going from Chlorine to Argon or from Potassium to Argon. More studies are conducted to make nuclear energy back on track as the leading clean, safe and efficient form of energy.

Answer 369

Transmutation

Question 370

has emerged as an option but not as a very viable one. Specifically, space disposal centers around putting nuclear waste on a space shuttle and launching the shuttle into space. Problems: The amount of nuclear waste that could be shipped on a single shuttle would be extremely small compared to the total amount of waste produced. There is a possibility of the shuttle explosion.

Answer 370

Space disposal

Question 371

Deep boreholes envisioned forholding highly radioactive waste would be far deeper than proposed or exixting underground disposal

Answer 371

Deep boreholes

Question 372

in one version waste canisters would sit in the lowest part of the hole

Answer 372

Niccole R. Fuller

Question 373

- refers to the management of an organization’s environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner. * It includes the organizational structure, planning and resources for developing, implementing and maintaining policy for environmental protection.

Answer 373

Environmental management system (EMS)

Question 374

"a system and database which integrates procedures and processes for training of personnel, monitoring, summarizing, and reporting of specialized environmental performance information to internal and external stakeholders of a firm".

Answer 374

Environmental management system (EMS)

Question 375

The most widely used standard on which an EMS is based on is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 2004.

Answer 375

Environmental management system (EMS)

Question 376

is an information technology solution for tracking environmental data for a company as part of their overall environmental management system.

Answer 376

Environmental Management Information System (EMIS) or Environmental Data Management System (EDMS)

Question 377

can be challenged in federal court.

Answer 377

*The adequacy of an environmental impact statement (EIS)

Question 378

*Major proposed projects have been blocked because of an

Answer 378

agency’s failure to prepare an acceptable EIS.

Question 379

*One prominent example was the

Answer 379

Westway landfill and highway development in and along the Hudson River in New York City.

Question 380

Another prominent case involved the---------over its denial of the club’s request to issue a supplemental EIS addressing air emissions of particulate matter and hazardous air pollutants in the case of widening US Route 95 through Las Vegas.

Answer 380

Sierra Club suing the Nevada Department of Transportation

Question 381

Environmental Management System includes the following:

Answer 381

1) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 2) Environmental Clearance Certificate (ECC)

Question 382

Environmental Impact Assessment

Answer 382

Transparency, certainty, partici[ation, praticability, flexibility, cost effectiveness, credability, accountability

Question 383

is a systematic process of identifying future consequences of a current or proposed action.”

Answer 383

”EIA

Question 383

is a process of evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse.

Answer 383

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Question 384

➡ It is an important management tool for ensuring the optimal use of natural resources for sustainable development.

Answer 384

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Question 385

is the study of the unintended consequences of a project.

Answer 385

๏Environmental Management or planning

Question 386

- Its purpose is to identify, examine, assess and evaluate the likely and probable impacts of a proposed project on the environment and, thereby, to work out remedial action plans to minimize adverse impact on the environment.

Answer 386

๏Environmental Management or planning

Question 387

defines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a tool used to identify the environmental, social and economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making.

Answer 387

๏United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Question 388

aims to predict the environmental impacts at an early stage in project planning and design, find ways and means to reduce adverse impacts, shape objects to suit the local environment and present the predictions and options to decision-makers.

Answer 388

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Question 389

*By using EIA both--------------- can be achieved, such as reduced cost and time of project implementation and design, avoided treatment/clean-up costs and impacts of laws and regulations.

Answer 389

environmental and economic benefits

Question 390

*Although legislation and practice vary around the world, the fundamental components of an EIA would necessarily involve the following stages:

Answer 390

1) Screening 2) Scoping 3) Assessment and Evaluation of impacts and development of alternatives 4) Reporting the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or EIA report 5) Review of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) 6) Decision-making 7) Monitoring, compliance, enforcement and environmental auditing

Question 391

*The structure of a generic Environmental Assessment is as follows:

Answer 391

1. Summary 2.Introduction *Background *Purpose and Need for Action *Proposed Action *Decision Framework *Public Involvement *Issues 3.Alternatives, including the Proposed Action *Alternatives * Mitigation Common to all Alternatives *Comparison of Alternatives 4. Environmental Consequences 5.Consultation and Coordination

Question 392

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) System in the Philippines, officially referred to as the

Answer 392

Philippine EIS System (PEISS), was established under Presidential Decree (PD) 1586 on 11 June 1978.

Question 393

provides that no person, partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared environmentally critical project or area without first securing an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC).

Answer 393

Section 4 of PD 1586

Question 394

Full implementation of the PEISS transpired after the issuance of ---------------- where the technical definition of Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) and Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs) was provided.

Answer 394

Presidential Proclamation 2146 in 1981

Question 395

The following are the key systems-oriented operating principles in the implementation of the Philippine EIA System:

Answer 395

The EIS System is concerned primarily with assessing the direct and indirect impacts of a program or project on the biophysical and human environment and ensuring that these impacts are addressed by appropriate environmental protection and enhancement measures; The EIS System aids proponents and stakeholders in incorporating environmental considerations in planning their project as well as determining the impacts on the environment of their project; The project proponents and stakeholders are responsible for determining and disclosing all relevant information and data necessary for a methodical assessment of the environmental impacts of their project;

Question 396

The following are the key systems-oriented operating principles in the implementation of the Philippine EIA System:

Answer 396

The review of EIA Reports by the DENR-EMB shall be guided by three general criteria: (a) that environmental considerations are integrated into the overall project planning, (b) that the assessment is technically sound and the proposed environmental mitigation measures are effective and doable, and (c) that the EIA process is based on a timely, informed and meaningful public and wide-ranged participation of potentially affected individuals, groups and communities; Effective regulatory review of the EIA Reports depends largely on timely, complete and accurate disclosure or relevant information and data by the project proponents and other stakeholders in the EIA process; and, The timeliness prescribed by the system within which a decision must be made or issued applies only to processes and actions within the DENR- EMB’s control and do not include actions and

Question 397

Laws and Policies for Environmental Impact Assessment:

Answer 397

Presidential Decree (PD) 1586 Executive Order (EO) 190 Administrative Order (AO) 300 Administrative Order (AO) 42 Department Administrative Order - Document No.: DENR Memorandum Circular - Document No.: EMB Memorandum Circular - Document No.:

Question 398

➡ Establishing an Environmental Impact Statement System including other environmental management related measures and for other purposes

Answer 398

Presidential Decree (PD) 1586

Question 399

➡ Abolishing the golf course construction and development committee and transferring its powers and functions to the DENR

Answer 399

Executive Order (EO) 190

Question 400

➡ Further strengthening The Environmental Impact Statement System and clarifying the authority to grant or deny the issuance of Environmental Compliance Certificates

Answer 400

Administrative Order (AO) 300

Question 401

➡ Rationalizing the implementation of the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) System and giving authority in addition to the Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to the Director and Regional Directors of the Environmental Management Bureau to grant or deny the issuance of Environmental Compliance Certificates

Answer 401

Administrative Order (AO) 42

Question 402

Department Administrative Order - Document No.:

Answer 402

➡ DAO 2005-06 ➡ DAO 2005-02 ➡ DAO 2004-61 ➡ DAO 2003-30 ➡ DAO 2001-09 ➡ DAO 2000-37 ➡ DAO 2000-05 ➡ DAO 1999-37 ➡ DAO 1996-37 ➡ DAO 1992-21

Question 403

DENR Memorandum Circular - Document No.:

Answer 403

➡DMC 2007-23 ➡DMC 2007-08 ➡DMC 2006-01 ➡DMC 2005-021 ➡DMC 2002-15

Question 404

EMB Memorandum Circular - Document No.:

Answer 404

➡EMB MC 2019-005 ➡EMB MC 2019-003 ➡EMB MC 2010-004 ➡EMB MC 2010-002 ➡EMB MC 2007-001 ➡EMB MC 2006-003 ➡EMB MEMO 1.10.2006 ➡EMB MEMO 9.08.2005 ➡EMB MC 2005-01 ➡EMB MC 2004-04 ➡EMB MC 2004-001 ➡EMB MC 2004-002 ➡EMB MC 2003-21 ➡EMB MC 2003-009 ➡EMB MC 2003-004 ➡EMB MC 2002-04 ➡EMB MC 2002-03 ➡EMB MC 2001-02 ➡EMB MC 2001-01 ➡EMB MC 2000-01 ➡EMB MC 2000-02 ➡EMB MC 2002-02

Question 405

as the formalized, systematic and comprehensive process of identifying and evaluating the environmental consequences of proposed policies, plans or programs to ensure they are fully included and appropriately addressed at the earliest possible stage of decision-making on a par with economic and social considerations.

Answer 405

‣Sadler and Verheem (1996) define Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

Question 406

does not replace or reduce the need for project- level EIA (although in some cases it can), but it can help to streamline and focus the incorporation of environmental concerns (including biodiversity) into the decision-making process, often making project-level EIA a more effective process.

Answer 406

Strategic Environmental Assessment

Question 406

might be applied to an entire sector (such as a national policy on energy for example) or to a geographical area (for example, in the context of a regional development scheme).

Answer 406

Strategic Environmental Assessment

Question 407

*Environmental threats do not respect

Answer 407

national borders.

Question 408

can have detrimental effects on the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, aquifers, farmland, the weather and biodiversity.

Answer 408

*International pollution

Question 409

Specific pollution threats include acid rain, radioactive contamination, debris in outer space, stratospheric ozone depletion and toxic oil spills.

Answer 409

*Global climate change is transnational.

Question 409

precipitated by a nuclear accident, is a stark reminder of the devastating effects of transboundary nuclear pollution.

Answer 409

Chernobyl disaster,

Question 410

is inherently a cross-border issue and has led to the creation of transnational regulation via multilateral and bilateral treaties.

Answer 410

*Environmental protection

Question 411

with a comprehensive mandate, most international treaties exist parallel to one another and are further developed without the benefit of consideration being given to potential conflicts with other agreements.

Answer 411

no universal legislature or administration

Question 412

is a piece of legislation generated from the Environmental Management Act Chapter 35:05.

Answer 412

Certificate of Environmental Clearance Rules, 2001

Question 412

*The “Rules” guides the assessment of a small and large-scale developmental projects which may have both

Answer 412

positive and negative environmental effects.

Question 413

as amended defines the forty-four (44) activities which require a CEC.

Answer 413

The Certificate of Environmental Clearance (Designated Activities) Order, 2001,

Question 414

During the assessment of the these applications, the Authority takes into consideration------------------- which may arise out of any new or significantly modified construction, process, works or other activity as outlined by the Order.

Answer 414

foreseeable impacts

Question 415

*At the preliminary phase of the assessment of the proposed project, if potential significant environmental and human health impacts have been identified, the applicant may be asked to conduct an

Answer 415

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

Question 416

*Any project in the Philippines that poses a potential environmental risk or impact (such as mining, agriculture projects, and construction) is required to secure an

Answer 416

Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources — Environmental Management Board (DENR-EMB).

Question 417

is required to secure an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) from the Department of the Environment and Natural Resources — Environmental Management Board (DENR-EMB).

Answer 417

Any project in the Philippines that poses a potential environmental risk or impact (such as mining, agriculture projects, and construction)

Question 417

ROLES OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN POLLUTION PREVENTION

Answer 417

Think globally, act locally Use eco-friendly products Use rechargeable batteries No to excess pesticides, chemicals, paints, solvents Use less or only required quantity of resource Plant more trees (local species) 3 R’s - Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Question 418

INITIATIVES FOR POLLUTION PREVENTION

Answer 418

Laws have been made and are followed in regards to pollution problems Pollution control boards Pollution level standards: established and compulsory to maintain NGO’s initiatives Research and development of better technologies Awareness in schools, colleges, and offices.

Question 418

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS IN THE PHILIPPINES

Answer 418

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000 REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004 REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990 PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF 1978

Question 419

➡ In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment. ➡ The law ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.

Answer 419

REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000

Question 420

➡ The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities). ➡ It provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi- sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.

Answer 420

REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

Question 420

➡ The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the economy.

Answer 420

REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

Question 421

➡ The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk to human health. ➡ It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals

Answer 421

REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990

Question 422

is a body of international law concerned with protecting the environment, primarily through bilateral and multilateral international agreements. ‣Although conservation movements developed in many nations in the nineteenth century, these movements typically only addressed environmental concerns within a single nation.

Answer 422

International environmental law

Question 422

➡ The Environment Impact Assessment System was formally established in 1978 with the enactment of Presidential Decree no. 1586 to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection. ➡ EIA is a planning and management tool that will help government, decision makers, the proponents and the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on the e n v i ro n m e n t . Th e p ro c e ss a ss u re s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f environment-friendly projects.

Answer 422

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF 1978

Question 423

WHO MAKES INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS? ‣ International environmental law is derived primarily from three sources:

Answer 423

- Customary international law - International treaties - Judicial decisions of international courts

Question 423

‣By the --------, the international community realized that an international approach to environmental issues was required

Answer 423

Late 1960's

Question 424

refers to a set of unwritten laws that have arisen from widespread custom and usage among nations

Answer 424

- Customary international law

Question 425

decisions given by such as the International Court of Justice or the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea

Answer 425

- Judicial decisions of international courts

Question 425

includes laws on warning a neighboring nation about a major accident that could affect its environment

Answer 425

- International treaties

Question 425

ONE OF THE EARLIEST LAWS ESTABLISHED, WHICH IS ALSO A KEY FOUNDATION OF INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS THAT FOLLOWS, IS THE

Answer 425

“POLLUTER PAYS PRINCIPLES”.

Question 426

This was was created due to the air pollution of the Canadian smelting factory on the 1930’s-1940’s that causes a dispute between United States and Canada. The pollution destroyed crops in the United States as it blew across the American-Canadian border.

Answer 426

polluter pays principle

Question 426

holds that if pollution from one nation causes harm in another nation, then the polluter nation must pay to remedy the damage.

Answer 426

polluter pays principle

Question 427

This was was created due to the ----------------------- that causes a dispute between United States and Canada. The pollution destroyed crops in the United States as it blew across the American-Canadian border.

Answer 427

air pollution of the Canadian smelting factory on the 1930’s-1940’s

Question 427

-is an international agreement designed to protect endangered plants and animals by regulating the trade of endangered species or products derived from them, which goes in effect since 1975 -promulgated by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), a NGO dedicated to environmental conservation, and other 80 nations who attend the conference

Answer 427

➡Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Question 428

The destruction of ecosystems and the exploitation of wild flora and fauna were the first environmental issues.

Answer 428

➡Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)

Question 428

The United Nations (UN) convened the first major international conference on the environment, in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972, also know as “

Answer 428

Stockholm Conference

Question 429

also created the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)—- an institutional home for environmental protection in the United Nations.

Answer 429

Stockholm Conference

Question 429

‣ It highlighted the international aspects of emerging environmental challenges and legitimized the environment as an area of international cooperation.

Answer 429

Stockholm Conference

Question 430

Since the-----------, the world has met regularly in a series of major summits aimed at shifting the world generally toward a path of sustainability.

Answer 430

1972 Stockholm Conference

Question 431

The most important by far has been the 1992 UN Conference of Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the .

Answer 431

“Rio Earth Summit”

Question 432

In the Earth Summit, world leaders agreed to a 500-page blueprint of comprehensive plan of action for sustainable development (known as AGENDA 21) and to three (3) major treaties:

Answer 432

1)addressing climate change 2) biological diversity 3) desertification

Question 433

This is a United Nations-sponsored treaty/agreement that binds signatory nations to commit in reducing their greenhouse-gas emissions

Answer 433

KYOTO PROTOCOL

Question 434

The protocol, drafted and agreed in-------------------, marked the finalization of years of negotiations that emerged from the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Answer 434

Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997

Question 435

is the only signatory that has not ratified the Protocol

Answer 435

As of 2020, the US

Question 436

Global Environmental Agreements

Answer 436

Montreal Protocol UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Kyoto Protocol Paris Agreement Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Convention to Combat Desertification Ramsar Wetlands Convention Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes Stockholm Convention on POPs Rotterdam Convention on PIC Minimata Convention on Mercury

Question 437

F o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l legislations, a number of them are regulated and assessed by -------------------, working closely with UN.

Answer 437

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)