Air Regulations

Question 1

Describe the 5 proficiency levels used to assess tasks carried out during training missions.

Answer 1

Level 1 - The candidate was not capable of completing the task(s). The candidate required frequent verbal and/or physical assistance to avoid making major errors;

Level 2 - The candidate completed the task(s) but required verbal and/or physical assistance to avoid making major errors;

Level 3 - The candidate completed the task(s), making only minor errors. The candidate required verbal cues to analyze and/or correct errors. Further practice required to improve;

Level 4 - The candidate completed the task(s) making only minor errors. No assistance was required to self-analyze and correct errors; and

Level 5 - Completion of the task(s) was ideal under given conditions.

Question 2

What is the VFR Weather Criteria for Fixed Wing Aircraft?

Answer 2

Weather Requirements
Ceiling: 1500 ft AGL
Visibility: 3 SM

Operating Requirements
Min Vertical Distance from cloud: 500 ft
Min Horizontal Distance from cloud: 1 SM
Minimum height above ground or water: 1000 ft

Question 3

What are the direction of flight rules?

Answer 3

• Takes affect above 3000 ft AGL (VFR)
• Track 0° - 179° (East) is ODD 1000’s
• Track 180° - 359° (West) is EVEN 1000’s
• IFR is whole 1000’s (2000’, 9000’ etc)
• VFR adds 500’ (2500’, 9500’ etc)
• Mag track in SDA (Southern Domestic Airspace) &
• True track in NDA (Northern Domestic Airspace)

Question 4

Avoidance and Minimum Overfly Restrictions

Answer 4

Area | Altitude | Lateral Spacing | Note

1. Sensitive Citizens, Population Centres, Penitentiaries, Hospitals
   * Altitude 1000’ AGL / 1nm
2. Provincial & National Parks, Bird Sanctuaries/Nesting Areas, Wild Animal Refuges/Calving Areas
   * Altitude 2000’ AGL / 2nm
3. Fur/Poultry Farms
   * Altitude 2000’ AGL / 2nm
   • Note: Fur Farms during Whelping Season Feb-May - 4000’ AGL / 4nm
4. Arsenals and Ammo Storage Facilities
   * Altitude 1500’ AGL
5. Nuclear Research/Power Facilities
   * Altitude 1500’ AGL / 1nm
6. Aerodromes
   * Altitude 2000’ AGL / 2nm
   • Note: 2000’ AGL or 1000’ AGL above highest published circuit height; whichever is higher
7. Forest Fires
   * Altitude 3000’ AGL / 5nm
8. Weapon Ranges
   * Avoid bounderies both vertically and laterally
9. Blasting Areas
   * Avoid bounderies both vertically and laterally

Question 5

What is the purpose of fuel monitoring?

&

What are factors affecting fuel burn?

Answer 5

PURPOSE
* Ensure there is enough fuel to complete mission
* To spot fuel leaks early
* To check that aircraft fuel consumption matches predicted consumption
* To be aware of fuel remaining in order to respond quickly to diversions or re-tasking

FACTORS
* Different fuel burn rate
* ISA conditions and/or winds not as planned
* Aircraft engines not performing to specifications
* Fuel leak
* Weather avoidance
* ATC re-routing

Question 6

What are the factors affecting altitude selection?

Answer 6

• Direction of Flight
• Transit distances (10% of distance or Alt Table)
• Icing
• Winds

Question 7

What are the speed limits below 10,000 feet and in the vicinity of controlled aerodromes?

Answer 7

Not more than 250 kts IAS below 10,000 ft ASL outside of military controlled airspace.

Not more than 200 kts IAS below 3000 ft AGL within 10 NM of a controlled airport unless authorized in a clearance.

Question 8

What are the different Flight Plan Types?

Answer 8

• VFR
• IFR

Composite
* Y - (IFR to VFR)
* Z - (VFR to IFR)

IFR and Composite Flight Plans require IFR fuel requirements

Question 9

What are the fuel requirements for a Propeller-driven aircraft (VFR/IFR)?

Answer 9

VFR
* fly to destination and for 45 mins thereafter, at normal cruise consumption

IFR - Alternate
* fly to destination, fly to alternate, hold for 45 mins, then complete an approach

IFR
* fly to destination, hold for 45 mins then complete an approach

Question 10

What are the VFR OTT (Over-the-top) Rules?

Answer 10

Permits, with restrictions, VFR flight with pilot not being in constant visual contact with ground.

Pertains to VFR day operations in the enroute phase only and requires:
1. 1000 ft above and below cloud layers
2. Min 5000 ft between cloud layers
3. 5 SM visibility
4. Destination Wx must not have a ceiling below 4000 ft above planned cruise altitude & 3 SM from 1 hour before ETA to 2 hours after ETA. (1 hour before & 3 after ETA when using GFA)

Requirements:
* Valid instrument rating and have IFR aircraft equipment
* No special annotation required on flight plan
* If VFR flight plan, need VFR fuel requirments // If composite flight plan, need IFR fuel requirments

Question 11

When is an alternate required?

&

When is an alternate not required?

Answer 11

1. Alternate Required
   • IFR flight longer than 3 hours
   • Weather at destination below 3000’ or 3sm Vis up to 1hr after ETA
   • When destination is a radar-only or GNSS-only, regardless of flight time or weather
2. Alternate NOT Required
   • VFR
   • IFR flights 3 hours or less where WX for duration of flight & ETA + 1hr are at or above ceiling 3000 ft & 3 SM Vis
   • Flights confined to local flying area & WX at or above 2000 ft & 3 SM Vis
   • When operation necessity dictates (alternate impossible or impractical) auth by Comd 1 Cdn Air Div

Question 12

What is Special VFR (SVFR) and what are the requirements to use it?

Answer 12

Special VFR, is VFR flight authorized by ATC to operate within a control zone in weather conditions that are below the VFR minima.

Minimum Vis: 1 SM
Op Requirements:
* Must remain clear of cloud and within sight of the surface at all times.
* Min height above surface: 500 ft

Question 13

What is the standard area of a MF/ATF and enroute procedure?

Answer 13

Radius of 5NM cappped at 3000’ AAE (Above Aerodrome Elevation)

Enroute Reporting Procedure
* Report position, altitude and intentions atleast 5 mins prior to entering zone
* Maintain listening watch on MF/ATF while in the area
* Report when clear of the area

Question 14

What are the four ways you can be grounded?

&

What are the grounding periods for medical situations?

Answer 14

1. Chain of Command
2. Policy (B-GA-100)
3. Self-Grounding
4. Medical
   • 72 Hours - General Anaesthetics, Blood donations
   • 24 Hours - Cycloplegic Refraction (Eye Drops)
   • 12 Hours - Local/Regional Anaesthetic, Immuniuzation, Desensitization (4 hours following maintenance doses)
   • Alcoholic Beverages - 12 hours prior to flight / 8 hours prior to reporting for duty
   • Cannabis Usage - 28 Days

Question 15

When is a Flight Plan not required to be filed?

Answer 15

• VFR flight conducted within 25nm radius of departure aerodrome or within local flying area, that will land at departure aerodrome or other landing area listed in local Flying Orders
• Formation flight where formation leader has filed a flight plan
• Operational or practice operational flights under close control
• Flights to / from locations where communication facilities are inadequate for filing a flight plan and/or an arrival report within one hour after landing

Question 16

What is an Equal Time Point and what are the criteria for an ETP Aerodrome?

Answer 16

A point on the intended track from which it will take the same amount of time to fly to either equal time point aerodrome.

Physically suitable for aircraft type (min 5000’ x 150’ hard surface with usable fuel available);

NOTAMs must be considered.

Aerodrome services depending on time of year (CRFI, de-icing, power cart etc)

Forecasted weather - Must be at or above the published landing minima for the approach aid serving the landing runway from one hour before earliest arrival time to one hour after the latest arrival time at the ETP aerodrome.

Question 17

How is the TAF terms of BECMG, TEMPO and PROB applied?

Answer 17

BECMG
* Weather conditions improving - forecasted weather applies at the end of the BECMG period
* Weather conditions deteriorating - forecasted weather applies at the start of the BECMG period
~
TEMPO
* Destination - TEMPO period not below destination weather minima (3000’ ceiling & 3sm visibility ETA +1 hour), otherwise Alternate required
* Alternate - TEMPO period not below Alternate Weather Minima based on valid TAF for ETA at alternate (ETA +1 hour at Take-off Alternate)
~
PROB
* Destination - PROB period not below destination weather minima (3000’ ceiling & 3sm visibility ETA +1 hour), otherwise Alternate required
* Alternate - PROB period not below published landing minima for useable runway at alternate (FLIPs)

HAA/HAT Rounding

HAT between X00 - X20 - round down to nearest hundred
HAT at or above X21 - round up to nearest hundred

Question 18

What are the Alternate Weather Requirements based on a TAF?

Answer 18

Weather for ETA at Alternate and ETA +1 Hour for Take-Off Alternate must be atleast:

1. Useable published non-precision approach
   * Ceiling 800’ or 300’ above lowest useable HAA/HAT for landing runway, whichever is higher, AND
   * Visibility 2sm or 1sm above lowest useable published visibility for landing runway, whichever is higher
2. Useable published precision approach
   * Ceiling 600’ or 300’ above lowest useable HAT for landing runway, whichever is higher, AND
   * Visibility 2sm or 1sm above lowest useable published visibility for landing runway, whichever is higher
3. Two or more useable published precision approach
   * Ceiling 400’ or 200’ above lowest useable HAA/HAT for landing runway, whichever is higher, AND
   * Visibility 1sm or 1/2sm above lowest useable published visibility for landing runway, whichever is higher
4. No useable published approach
   * ETA forecasted weather must permit visual descent from IFR minimum enroute altitude and VFR approach & landing

Question 19

What are the Alternate Weather Requirements when a TAF is not available?

Answer 19

Alternate & Take-off Alternate weather using a GFA for the ETA must be atleast:

Ceiling - Whichever is the highest:
1. 1500 ft AGL
2. 1000 ft above the highest published straight-in MDA HAT where no circling minima are published.
3. 1000 ft above the highest published circling HAA when published.
~
and
~
Visibility: 3 SM

Question 20

1. What are the minimum IFR take-off requirements?
2. If weather is below these minimums what is required to take off?

Answer 20

1. Take-offs are not permitted unless the reported ceiling and visibility/RVR are equal to or above the lowest usable HAA/HAT and visibility for a usable published approach to a usable landing runway at the departure aerodrome.
2. A take-off alternate is required and departure aerodrome weather must be above 1/4 SM ground visibility (1200RVR) or 1/8 SM visibility (RVR 600) if runway centre-line lighting is available.

Question 21

What are the requirements for an aerodrome to be used a Take-off alternate?

Answer 21

An aerodrome may be used as a take-off alternate for all multi-engine aircraft following are satisfied:

1. aircraft can maintain the published climb gradient at the take off aerodrome to the MEA to the take-off alternate with one engine out;
2. the aerodrome is compatible with the aircraft type;
3. the aerodrome is forecast to be at or above alternate limits at ETA + 1 hr
4. for multi-engine aircraft, AD not more than two hours flight time from the departure AD at normal cruising speed with one engine inoperative, adjusted for wind (250 knots for the Oznog?) or 500nm?
5. the take-off alternate is indicated in the remarks column of the flight plan.

Question 22

What additional criteria must be met when selecting IFR alternates?(5)

Answer 22

1. Either destination or alternate has an approach independent of GNSS
2. When both destination and alternate are GNSS-only, must be separated by
   * 75 NM where both aerodromes are in Nunavut or are north of 56° latitude in Quebec and Labrador; or
   * 100 NM where either or both aerodromes are located anywhere else in Canada
3. Published LNAV/VNAV or LNAV is lowest minima for alternate (no LP or LPV minima)
4. Pilot ensures approach-level RAIM or WAAS intergrity will be available at alternate +/- 1hour of ETA
5. Pilot confirms periodically during flight that approach-level RAIM is available at alternate +/- 15mins of ETA (TSO C129/a avionics only)

Question 23

What steps must be taken when operating at high cabin altitudes?

Answer 23

• Use supplemental oxygen when operating at cabin altitudes greater than 8000’ for periods exceeding 4 consecutive hours per crew day, with minimum intervals of 60 mins below 5000’ between exposures above 8000’ cabin altitudes, due to risk of Acute Mountain Sickness.
• Supplementary oxygen shall be utilized at all times when operating at cabin altitudes greater than 10000’ (Except emergencies)

Question 24

What is the weather avoidance rule?

Answer 24

Avoid storm returns on radar by:

• 5nm when flying below the freezing level
• 10nm when flying above the freezing level
• 20nm when flying above 30,000’

5-10-20 Rule

No fueling operations when lightening within 5 miles of aerodrome

Question 25

How is obstacle clearance determined on different maps?

Answer 25

1. AMA - Lo
   * Non-Designated Mountainous Regions - 1000’ clearance (rounded up to nearest hundred) above highest obstacle within quadrant
   * Designated Mountainous Regions - 2000’ clearance (rounded up to nearest hundred) above highest obstacle within quadrant
2. Maximum Elevation Figure (MEF) - VNC
   • Man-Made Obstacles - Highest Point Elevation + 100’ + Rounded Up to Nearest Hundred
   • Nature Obstacles - Highest Point Elevation + 328’ + Rounded Up to Nearest Hundred

NOTE: In Designated Mountainous Regions 2, 3, and 4, IFR flights require 1500’ or more above highest obstacle within 5nm of track

All heights are in MSL (ASL)

Question 26

Class of Airspace

Answer 26

Class A
Altitude - FL180 to FL600 Southern Control Area (FL230 NCA // FL270 ADA)

1. IFR Rules
   
   • Conflict Resolution: N/A
   • Traffic Info: N/A
   • Separation: All aircraft
   • Radio: Mandatory
   • Transponder: Yes
   • Clearance: ATC
2. VFR Rules:
   • Not Allowed

Class B
Altitude - 12501’ to 17999’ ASL (or as defined by Control Zone/Terminal Area)

1. IFR Rules
   • Conflict Resolution - N/A
   • Traffic Info - N/A
   • Separation - All aircraft
   • Radio - Mandatory
   • Transponder - Yes
   • Clearance - ATC
2. VFR Rules
   • Conflict Resolution - N/A
   • Traffic Info - N/A
   • Separation - All aircraft
   • Radio - Mandatory
   • Transponder - Yes
   • Clearance - ATC

Class C
Altitude - Up to 12500’ ASL (As defined by Control Zone/Terminal Area)

1. IFR Rules
   • Conflict Resolution - Provided between IFR/VFR
   • Traffic Info - Yes
   • Separation - IFR from IFR
   • Radio - Mandatory
   • Transponder - Yes
   • Clearance - ATC
2. VFR Rules
   • Conflict Resolution - Upon request
   • Traffic Info - Yes
   • Radio - Mandatory
   • Transponder - Yes
   • Clearance - ATC

Class D
Altitude - Up to 12500’ ASL (As defined by Control Zone/Terminal Area)

1. IFR Rules
   • Conflict Resolution - equipment/workload permitting
   • Traffic Info - Yes
   • Separation - IFR from IFR
   • Radio - Mandatory
   • Transponder - Yes, in designated areas
   • Clearance - ATC
2. VFR Rules
   • Conflict Resolution - Upon request, equipment/workload permitting
   • Traffic Info - Yes
   • Radio - Mandatory
   • Transponder - Yes, in designated areas
   • Clearance - Establish radio contact

Class E
Altitude - 2200’ AGL to 18000’ ASL (Airways), SFC to 12500’ ASL (As defined by Control Zone/Terminal Area/Control Area)

1. IFR Rules
   • Conflict Resolution - No
   • Traffic Info - Workload-permitting
   • Separation - IFR from IFR
   • Radio - Mandatory
   • Transponder - Yes, in designated areas
   • Clearance - ATC.
2. VFR Rules
   • Conflict Resolution - No
   • Traffic Info - Workload-permitting
   • Radio - Not required
   • Transponder - Yes, in designated areas
   • Clearence - Not required

Class F
Altitude - SFC to Unlimited

1. IFR Rules: If not specified or active, uses rules from surrounding airspace
2. VFR Rules: If not specified or active, uses rules from surrounding airspace

Class G
Altitude - SFC to 17999’ ASL

1. IFR Rules: Uncontrolled
2. VFR Rules: Uncontrolled

Question 27

What are the different types of altitude?

Answer 27

QNE - Q Code designator for Standard Pressure (Pressure Altitude)
* Altimeter sub-scale is set at ISA pressure of 29.92Hg
* Altimeter will display altitude above the standard datum plane (Mean Sea Level under ISA conditions)
* Set when at or above 18,000ft ASL or when in the Standard Pressure Region (Northern Canada and over ocean)
-

QNH - Q Code designator for barometric pressure for a particular time and place, adjusted for MSL, according to ISA
* Altimeter will read the height above Mean Sea Level
* To determine the pressure above Mean Sea Level, weight of an imaginary column of ISA air from the ground level to sea level is added to surface pressure

How to get QNH
* Surface Pressure at aerodrome (Station Pressure) and
* Elevation of aerdrome above sea level
-

QFE - Q Code designator for Actual Height Above Terrain
* Altitude read with QFE set on the altimeter sub-scale (only at aerodrome) or from a radio altimeter
-

True Altitude - Actual height above Mean Sea Level
* Obtained by correcting indicated altitude (QNH) for temperature

What is Mean Sea Level (MSL), as defined by ISA?

1. Pressure:
   29.92” (in) Hg / 1013.25 mb at Mean Sea Level (MSL)
2. Temperature:
   15°C at MSL
3. Lapse Rate
   1.98°C per 1,000ft
   1” Hg per 1000’ pressure lapse rate

Question 28

What are some rules for joining/operating in a circuit?

Answer 28

1. Prior to joining circuit pilots should announce their intentions
2. All turns shall be to the left unless a right-hand circuit has been specified.
3. Landing should be accomplished on the runway(s) most nearly aligned to the wind
4. Aircraft should approach the circuit from the up-wind side
5. When joining from upwind side, plan descent to cross aerdome at 1000 ft AAE or circuit altitude and maintain that altitude until landing.
6. All descents should be made on the upwind side or well clear of the circuit.

Question 29

When can you turn after taking-off from an uncontrolled aerodrome?

Answer 29

Aircraft departing the circuit or airport should climb straight on runway heading to circuit altitude before comencing a turn in any direction to an enroute heading. turns back toward the airport should not be initiated until at least 500 feet above the circuit altitude.

Question 30

Altitude Variations with Pressure/Temperature

Answer 30

In standard atmosphere: True Altitude is equal to Indicated Altitude

If the altimeter setting is set on the sub-scale prior to take-off, the altimeter will read the correct indicated altitude over the aerodrome

Now, if the aircraft flies into an area where the ground level pressure (thus the altimeter setting) is different than the pressure at the starting aerodrome, the altimeter will not show the correct indiciated altitude

HIGHER
Temperature
In warm air: temp lapse rate is less - True Altitude is greater than Indicated Altitude
* If you fly at a constant indicated altitude of 5,000 ft into a warm air mass, you will be higher than the altimeter indicates

Pressure
* If the aircraft flies at a constant Indicated Altitude into an area of high pressure, the actual altitude will be higher that the altimeter reading

LOWER
Temperature
In cold air - temp lapse rate is greater - True Altitude is lower than Indicated Altitude
* If you fly at a constant indicated altitude of 5,000 ft into a cold air mass, you will be lower than the altimeter indicates

Pressure
* If the aircraft flies at a constant Indicated Altitude into an area of low pressure, the actual altitude will be lower that the altimeter reading

High to Low … Look Out Below
Greatest danger is when temperature is much colder and/or pressure is much lower than ISA

Altimeter is calibrated according to the pressure - temperature - altitude relationship in the standard atmosphere.

This assumes that the temperature will decrease at a given rate with increased in altitude, therefore, the pressure will decrease at a given rate with increase in altitude.

The altimeter is calibrated so that, for a given change in pressure, it will register a given change in altitude