AIR POLLUTION EXAM Flashcards
2 Concepts of Control
- Preventative measures
- Control measures using equipment
- Selection of suitable fuel (Low sulphur coal in power plant, use of CNG)
- Modification in industrial process
- Selection of suitable site and zoning for industrial unit
Preventative Measures (Source Control)
MTBE
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether
Any vehicle propelled by or through combustion of carbon-based or other
fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons
or the transportation of property or goods in a public highway or street
open to public use
Mobile source
Any building or immobile structure, facility or installation which emits or may emit any pollutant
Stationary source
It has three simultaneous tasks:
* Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen.
* Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide.
* Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water.
Three Way Catalytic Converter
Level of control (Stationary sources):
* Switching to less sulphur and nitrogen fuel
Pre-Combustion Control
Level of control (Stationary sources):
* Improving the combustion process
* New burners to reduce NOx
* New fluidized bed boilers
* Integrated gasification combined cycle
Combustion Control
Level of control (Stationary sources):
* Particulate collection devices
* Flue gas desulphurization
Post-Combustion Control
The Philippine
Clean Air Act, 1999
RA 8749
sets the tools to control air pollutant emissions
Air quality management
The selection of control technologies depends on
environmental, engineering,
economic factors, and pollutant type
- _______ use the force of gravity to remove solid particles.
- The gas stream enters a chamber where the velocity of the gas is reduced.
- Large particles drop out of the gas and are recollected in hoppers.
- Because settling chambers are effective in removing only larger particles, they are
used in conjunction with a more efficient control device.
Settling Chambers
- The general principle of inertia separation is that the particulate laden gas is forced to change direction.
- As gas changes direction, the inertia of the particles causes them to continue in the original direction and be separated from the gas stream.
- The walls of the ____ narrow toward the bottom of the unit, allowing the particles to be collected in a hopper.
- The cleaner air leaves the ____ through the top of the
chamber, flowing upward in a spiral vortex, formed within a downward moving spiral. - ____ are efficient in removing large particles but are not as efficient with smaller particles. For this reason, they are used with other particulate control devices.
Cyclones
- ____ use a liquid stream to remove solid particles.
- In the ____, gas laden with particulate matter passes
through a short tube with flared ends and a constricted middle. - This constriction causes the gas stream to speed up when the pressure is increased.
Venturi Scrubbers
- An ____ is a particle control device that uses electrical forces to move the particles out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates.
- The ____ places electrical charges on the particles, causing them to be attracted to oppositely charged metal plates located in the equipment.
- The particles are removed from the plates by “rapping” and collected in a hopper located below the unit.
Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs)
Particulates-Controlling Equipment
- Gravitational Settling Chamber
- Cyclone Separator
- Electrostatic Precipitators
- Fabric Filters
- Wet Gas Scrubbers
- ____ are generally used to remove large, abrasive particles (usually >50 μm) from gas stream.
- It provides enlarged areas to minimize
horizontal velocities and allow time for the
vertical velocity to carry the particle to the
floor. - The usual velocity is between 0.5 to 2.5 m/s.
- Velocity of flue gas reduced in large chamber.
- Particles settle under gravitational force.
Gravitational Settling Chamber
Advantages
* Low initial cost.
* Easy to design.
* Low pressure drop.
* Low maintenance cost.
* Dry and continuous disposal of solid particulates.
Disadvantages
* Require large space.
* Less collection efficiency.
* Only larger size particles can be collected.
Gravitational Settling Chamber
- Centrifugal force is utilized to separate the particulate matter.
- It can remove 10 to 50 μm particle size.
- Used mostly in industries
- A ____ consists of a cylindrical shell, conical base, dust
hopper and an inlet where the dust-laden gas enters tangentially. - Under the influence of the centrifugal force generated by the spinning gas, the solid particles are thrown to the wall of the equipment as the gas spirals upward at the inside of the cone.
- The particles slide down the walls of the cone and into the hopper. The operating efficiency depends on the magnitude of the centrifugal force exerted on the particles.
- The greater the centrifugal force, the greater the spreading efficiency.
cyclone separator
Advantages
* Low initial cost.
* Require less floor area.
* Simple construction and maintenance.
* Can handle large volume of gas at high temp.
Disadvantages
* Requires large head room.
* Less efficiency for smaller particles (<10μm).
* Sensitive to variable dust load and flow rate.
cyclone separator
- One of the most widely used device for
controlling particulate emission at industrial
installations ranging from power plants,
cement, and paper mills to oil refineries
*A physical process by which particles
suspended in gas stream are charged
electrically and, under the influence of the
electrical field, separated from the gas
stream
- Works on the principle of electrical charging of particulate matter (negative) and collecting it in a positively -charged surface
.
Electrostatic Precipitators
- At a very high DC voltage, of the order of 50kV, a corona discharge occurs close to the negative electrode, setting up an electric field between the emitted and the grounded surface.
- 99% efficiency.
- Can remove particle size range of 0.1 μm to 1 μm.
Electrostatic Precipitators
Advantages
* High collection efficiency.
* Particles may be collected dry or wet.
* Can be operated at high temp. (300-450˚c).
* Maintenance is normal.
* Few moving parts.
Disadvantages
* High initial cost.
* Require high voltage.
* Collection efficiency reduce with time.
* Space requirement is more.
* Possible of explosion during collection of combustible gases or particulates
Electrostatic Precipitators
- Flue gas is allowed to pass
through a woven fabric, which
filters out particulate matter. - Small particles are retained on
the fabric. - Remove particles up to 1 μm.
- Its efficiency up to 99%.
Fabric Filters
Advantages
* Higher collection efficiency for smaller than
10 μm particle size
* Performance decrease becomes visible, giving prewarning.
* Normal power consumption
Disadvantages
* High temperature gases need to be cooled
* High maintenance and fabric replacement cost
* Large size equipment
* Fabric is liable to chemical attack
Fabric Filters
- ____ removes particulate matter from gas streams by incorporating the particles into liquid droplets directly on contact.
- The basic function is to provide contact between the scrubbing liquid, usually water and, the particulate to be collected.
- This contact can be achieved in a variety of ways as the particles are confronted with so-called impaction target, which can be wetted surface.
Wet Gas Scrubbers
Major Types of Wet Gas Scrubbers
- Plate/Tray Tower Scrubber
- Packed-Bed Scrubber
- Spray Scrubber
- Venturi Scrubber
- Cyclone Scrubber
- Baffle Scrubber
- Impingement-Entrainment Scrubber
- Fluidized-Bed Scrubber
Type of Wet Gas Scrubbers:
- It contains a vertical tower containing
one or more horizontal plates (trays). - Gas enters the bottom of the tower
and must pass through perforations in
each plate as it flows countercurrent
to the descending water stream. - Collection efficiency increases as the
diameter of the perforations
decreases. - A cut diameter, that collected with
50% efficiency, of about μm
aerodynamic diameter can be
achieved with 3.2-mm-diameter holes
in a sieve plate.
Plate or Tray Tower Scrubber
Type of Wet Gas Scrubbers:
- Operates similarly to packed-bed gas absorber.
- Collection efficiency increases as packing size
decreases. - A cut diameter of 1.5 μm aerodynamic diameter
can be attained in columns packed with 2.5 cm elements.
Packed – Bed Scrubber
Type of Wet Gas Scrubbers:
A moving gas stream
is used to atomize
liquids into droplets.
High gas velocities
(60 to 120 m/s) lead
to high relative
velocities between
gas and particles and
promote collection.
Venturi Scrubber
Type of Wet Gas Scrubbers:
- Drops can be introduced
into the gas stream of a
cyclone to collect particles. - The spray can be directed
outward from a central
manifold or inward from
the collector wall.
Cyclone Scrubber
Type of Wet Gas Scrubbers:
- Particles are collected by liquid drops
that have been atomized by spray
nozzles - Horizontal and vertical gas flows are
used, as well as spray introduced cocurrent, countercurrent, or cross-flow to the gas
Spray Scrubber
Type of Wet Gas Scrubbers:
- The gas is forced to
impinge on a liquid surface
to reach a gas exit. Some
of the liquid atomizes into
drops that are entrained
by the gas. - The gas exit is designed so
as to minimize the loss of
entrained droplets.
Impingement-Entrainment
Scrubber
Type of Wet Gas Scrubbers:
- A zone of fluidized
packing is provided
where gas and liquid can
mix intimately. - Gas passes upward
through the packing,
while liquid is sprayed up
from the bottom and/or
flows down over the top
of the fluidized layer of
packing
Fluidized-Bed Scrubber
Selection Criteria for Equipment
- Environmental
- Engineering
- Economic
Commonly used control technologies for gaseous pollutants
- Absorption
- Adsorption
- Condensation
- Incineration (Combustion)
The removal of one or more selected components from a gas mixture and probably the most important operation in the control of gaseous pollutant emissions.
Absorption
is a process in which a gaseous pollutant is dissolved in a liquid
Absorption
When a gas or vapor is brought into contact with a solid, part of it is taken up
by the solid.
Adsorption
The most common industrial adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel, and
alumina, because they have enormous surface areas per unit weight.
Adsorption
- Usually contain more than one carbon bed.
- As one bed actively removes pollutants, another bed is being regenerated for future
use.
Regenerative Systems
the spent carbon is disposed of when it becomes
saturated with the pollutant
Non-Regenerative Systems
The process of converting a gas or vapor to liquid
Condensation
In a ___ condenser, the gas comes into contact with cold liquid.
contact
In a ____ condenser, the gas contacts a cooled surface in which cooled liquid or gas is circulated, such as the
outside of the tube.
surface
A device in which air and all the combustible waste gases react at the burner
Direct combustor
In _____ incinerators the combustible waste gases pass over or around a
burner flame into a residence chamber where oxidation of the waste gases
is completed.
thermal
_____ incinerators are very similar to thermal incinerators. The main difference
is that after passing through the flame area, the gases pass over a catalyst bed.
Catalytic
The water systems of a production or processing site (tanks, ponds,
sewer system drains, are the main source of
secondary emissions
used to reduce the mineral and ash content in coal
Pre-combustion cleaning
second largest producer of cement after China
India
Three criteria air pollutants are released to the air during cement
manufacturing which includes
particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides
(NOX), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Raw gas enters the filter compartments via inlet ducts equipped with guide vanes that
distribute the gas uniformly across the filter bags.
Flexible Pulse Jet Filters
One of the oldest and most efficient methods of particulate control.
* The most commonly-used filtration device, known as a bag-house,
consists of fabric bags through which the air stream particles become trapped in the fiber mesh on the fabric bags, as well
as the filter cake which is subsequently formed
Ordinary Bag House Method
Otherwise known as “The Philippine Clean Air
Act of 1999”
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749
an act providing for a comprehensive air
pollution control policy and for other purposes
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8749
Date enacted (RA 8749)
June 29, 1999
Kinsay president atong time pag approve sa RA 8749?
President Joseph
Estrada
Derived from United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA)
EMISSION STANDARDS
- refers to the contamination of the
air, irrespective of indoors or
outside. - it occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances
including gases, particles, and
biological molecules are introduced
into Earth’s atmosphere.
AIR POLLUTION
means any matter found in the atmosphere
other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their
natural or normal concentrations, that is
detrimental to health or the environment
AIR POLLUTANTS
also called PM
or soot, consists of microscopically small
solid particles or liquid droplets
suspended in the air. The smaller the
particles, the deeper they can penetrate
into the respiratory system and the more
hazardous they are to breathe
PARTICULATE MATTER
odorless and
colorless gas produced by the incomplete
burning of carbon-based fuels, including
gasoline, oil and wood. It can also build up
in high concentrations in enclosed areas
such as garages and along roadsides
during heavy traffic
CARBON MONOXIDE
A gas that is a variety of oxygen. At ground level it is considered a pollutant with
highly toxic effects.
OZONE
a naturally occurring element found in
small amounts in the earth’s crust. While it has some
beneficial uses, it can be toxic to humans and
animals causing of health effects
Lead
one of a group of
highly reactive gasses known as “oxides of
nitrogen,” or “nitrogen oxides (NOx)
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
It is invisible and has a
nasty, sharp smell. It reacts easily with other
substances to form harmful compounds, such
as sulfuric acid, sulfurous acid and sulfate
particles.
SULFUR DIOXIDE
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
- NATURAL PHENOMENON
- MAN-MADE ACTIVITIES
EXAMPLES OF NATURAL PHENOMENON
- FOREST FIRES (HAZE)
- VOLCANIC ERUPTION
- DUST STORMS
refers to sources of emission other
than mobile and stationary. These include
smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from
construction, unpaved grounds, etc
AREA
refers to vehicle like cars, trucks,
buses, jeepney, tricycle, motorcycles and
vans
MOBILE
such as industrial firms,
smokestacks of power plant and other
establishment
STATIONARY
Amended Guidelines and Procedures for the Monitoring of Accredited
and Authorized Private Emission Testing Centers (PETC) and LTO
Emission Testing Activities
DENR-DTI-DOTC Joint Administrative Order No 1. Series of 2007
Revised Emission Standards for Motor Vehicles Equipped with
Compression-Ignition and Spark-Ignition Engines
DENR Administrative Order 2007-27
- DENR EMB – inspect/monitor
- DOTr – authorized
- DTI – accreditation
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The mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in
the ambient atmosphere
AIR DISPERSION MODELING
Areas with similar climate,
meteorology and topology which
affect the interchange and diffusion
of pollutants in the atmospheres;
AIRSHED
Areas which share common interest
similar development programs,
prospects or problem.
AIRSHED
Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR) for R.A.8749
DENR Administrative Order No. 2000-81:
Establishment of Geothermal Areas as Airsheds
Memorandum Circular (MC) 2002-13:
- To oversee the planning and implementation of
air quality management policies - To ensure strong coordination among
government agencies, the private sector and civil society.
DESIGNATION OF AIRSHED
Designation of South Cotabato Airshed
(DAO 2004-22)
Designation of North Cotabato Geothermal
Airshed
DAO 2004-13
acts as overall of the lead agency; prepare a National Air Quality Status
Report which shall be used as a basis in formulating the Integrated Air
Quality Improvement Framework; issue rules and regulations in the
implementation of the Act
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
in coordination with the DENR in case of industrial dischargers and the
DOTC, in case of motor vehicles, shall, based on environmental techniques,
design, impose on and collect regular emission fees from all said
dischargers as part of the emission permitting system or vehicle registration
renewal system, as the case may be; implement the emission standards for
motor vehicles
Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)
with the DENR, other agencies, private sector , the academe, non-
government organizations and people’s organization, shall establish a National Research Development Program for the prevention and control of
air pollution
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
together with the DENR shall develop an action plan for the control and
management of air pollution from motor vehicles with the Integrated Air
Quality Management Framework
Department of Trade and Industry
shall regularly monitor meteorological factors affecting environmental
conditions including ozone depletion and greenhouse gases
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration (PAGASA)
with the DENR shall regulate all projects which will involve the use of
atomic and/or nuclear energy, and will entail relaease of radioactive
substances into the environment, incident to the establishment or
possession of nuclear energy facilities and radioactive materials,
handling, transport , production , storage and use of radioactive
materials
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI)
shall set specifications for all types of fuel and fuel-related products, to
improve fuel composition for increased efficiency and reduced
emissions
Department of Energy (DOE)
shall encourage participation of government agencies and the private
sector including NGOs, POs, academe, environmental groups and
other private entities in a multi-sectoral campaign
✓ Philippine Information Agency (PIA)
Amending Rule XIX of DENR DAO
2000-81 (IRR of RA 8749)
DENR Administrative Order No.
2004-26
GUIDELINES FOR DENR
ACCREDITATION OF THIRD PARTY
SOURCE EMISSION TESTING FIRMS
DENR Administrative Order No.
2007-25
Scheme for the Utilization of Stack
Testing Data
EMB Memorandum Circular No.
2008-006
Guidelines on Air Pollution Control
Techniques and Devices
EMB Memorandum Circular No.
2008-005
Guidelines for Air Dispersion
Modelling
EMB Memorandum Circular No.
2008-003
means any matter found in the atmosphere other than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor, carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their natural or normal concentrations, that is detrimental to health or the environment, which includes but not limited to smoke, dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles of any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists, steam and radio-active substances
Air pollutant
any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmospheric air, or any discharge thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances that will or is likely to create or to render the air resources of the country harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health, safety or welfare or which will adversely affect their utilization for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, recreational, or other legitimate purposes
Air pollution
the concentration of air over specified periods classified as short-term and long-term which are intended to serve as goals or objectives for the protection of health and/or public welfare. These values shall be used for air quality management purposes such as determining time trends, evaluating stages of deterioration or enhancement of the air quality, and in general, used as basis for taking positive action in preventing, controlling, or abating air pollution
Ambient air quality guideline values
the general amount of pollution present in a broad area; and refers to the atmosphere’s average purity as distinguished from discharge measurements taken at the source of pollution
Ambient air quality
a certificate issued by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to a vehicle manufacturer/assembler or importer certifying that a particular new vehicle or vehicle type meets the requirements provided under this Act and its rules and regulations
Certificate of Conformity
the geographic-based instrument for planners and decision-makers which present an evaluation of the environmental quality and carrying capacity of an area
Eco-profile
any air contaminant, pollutant, gas stream or unwanted sound from a known source which is passed into the atmosphere
Emission
those gases that can potentially or can reasonably be expected to induce global warming, which include carbon dioxide, methane, oxides of nitrogen, chlorofluorocarbons, and the like
Greenhouse gases
those substances which present either: (1) short-term acute hazards such as acute toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption, corrosivity or other skin or eye contact hazard or the risk of fire explosion; or (2) long term toxicity upon repeated exposure, carcinogenicity (which in some cases result in acute exposure but with a long latent period), resistance to detoxification process such as biodegradation, the potential to pollute underground or surface waters
Hazardous substances
portion of medical waste that could transmit an infectious disease
Infectious waste
the materials generated as a result of patient diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals
Medical waste
any vehicle propelled by or through combustion of carbon-based or other fuel, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property goods
Mobile source
any vehicle propelled by a gasoline or diesel engine or by any means other than human or animal power, constructed and operated principally for the conveyance of persons or the transportation of property or goods in a public highway or street open to public use
Motor vehicle
the waste materials generated from communities within a specific locality
Municipal waste
a vehicle constructed entirely from new parts that has never been sold or registered with the DOTC or with the appropriate agency or authority, and operated on the highways of the Philippines, any foreign state or country
New vehicle
the rating of the anti-knock characteristics of a grade or type of automotive gasoline as determined by dividing by two (2) the sum of the Research Octane Number (RON), plus the Motor Octane Number (MON)
Octane Rating or the Anti-Knock Index(AKI)
those substances that significantly deplete or otherwise modify the ozone layer in a manner that is likely to result in adverse effects of human health and the environment such as, but not limited to, chloroflourocarbons, halons and the like
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS)
the organic compounds that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
any emissions and fumes which are beyond internationally - accepted standards, including but not limited to the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values
Poisonous and toxic fumes
any device or apparatus used to prevent, control or abate the pollution of air caused by emissions from identified pollution sources at levels within the air pollution control standards established by the Department
Pollution control device
the pollution control devices, production process, fuel combustion processes or other means that effectively prevent or reduce emissions or effluent
Pollution control technology
a standard for emissions of air pollutant which reflects the degree of emission limitation achievable through the application of the best system of emission reduction, taking into account the cost of achieving such reduction and any non-air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirement which the Department determines, and adequately demonstrates
Standard of performance
any building or immobile structure, facility or installation which emits or may emit any air pollutant
Stationary source
Maximum Permissible Limits (mg/Ncm) :
10 as Sb
10 as As
10 as Cd
500 as CO
100 as Cu
50 as HF
7 as H2S
10 as Pb
5 as elemental Hg
20 as Ni
200 as P2O5
100 as Zn
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burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste, which process emits poisonous and toxic fumes
Incineration
For actual exceedance of any pollution or air quality standards under this Act or its rules and regulations, the Department, through the Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), shall impose a fine of not more than _________ for every day of violation against the owner or operator of a stationary source until such time that the standards have been complied with.
One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00)
The fines herein prescribed shall be increased by at least ______, every three (3) years to compensate for inflation and to maintain the deterrent function of such fines.
ten percent (10%)
Violation of Standards for Motor Vehicles
First Offense - a fine not to exceed ________
Two Thousand Pesos (P2,000.00)
Violation of Standards for Motor Vehicles
Second Offense - a fine not less than________ and not to exceed __________
Two Thousand Pesos (P2,000.00); Four Thousand Pesos (P4,000.00)
Violation of Standards for Motor Vehicles
Third offense - one (1) year suspension of the Motor Vehicle Registration (MVR) and a fine of not less than _________ and not more than _________
Four Thousand Pesos (P4,000.00); Six thousand pesos (P6,000.00)
For violations of all other provisions provided in this Act and of the rules and regulations thereof, a fine of not less than Ten thousand pesos (P10,000) but not more than One Hundred thousand Pesos (P100,000) or six (6) months to six (6) years imprisonment or both shall be imposed. If the offender is a juridical person, the president, manager, directors, trustees, the pollution control officer or the officials directly in charge of the operations shall suffer the penalty herein provided.
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Gross Violations.
Offenders shall be punished with imprisonment of not less than _______but not more than ______ at the discretion of the court.
six (6) years; ten (10) years
