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Chemistry > Air Pollution > Flashcards

Air Pollution Flashcards

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1
Q

What process forms CO? What are two ways CO is released into the atmosphere?

A

Incomplete combustion. Forest fires, burning of coal

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2
Q

Give two possible, generic reactions for the formation of CO

A

2C + O2 –> 2COAlkane + O2 –> CO + H2O

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3
Q

What is the largest source of anthropogenic CO?

A

Incomplete combustion of octane in cars

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4
Q

By what reactions are CO and NO removed from exhaust by catalytic converters?

A

2CO + O2 –> 2CO22CO + 2NO –> 2CO2 + N2

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5
Q

What is the largest natural source of CO?

A

Atmospheric oxidation of CH4 produced by decomposition of organic matter

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6
Q

What is the chemical equation for the oxidation of CH4?

A

2CH4 + 3O2 –> 2CO + 4H2O

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7
Q

What is the reaction for the formation of NO through oxidation?

A

N2 + O2 –> 2NO

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8
Q

What are two natural sources of NO?

A

Bacterial synthesis and lightning

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9
Q

What are two sources of N2O? (Natural and anthropogenic)

A

Conversion of (NO3)- to N2O by bacteriaArtificial fertilizers in agricultureManufacture of nitric acid

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10
Q

What are the two main sulfur oxides?

A

SO2 and SO3

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11
Q

What are some anthropogenic sources of SO2?

A

Burning of sulfur containing fuels (oil)Smelting of oresManufacture of sulfuric acid

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12
Q

Provide the equation for the oxidation of sulfur

A

S + O2 –> SO2

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13
Q

Provide the reaction processes that are used in the extraction of copper

A

2Cu2S + 3O2 –> 2Cu2O + 2SO22Cu2O + Cu2S –> 6Cu + SO2

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14
Q

What are two natural sources of SO2? What is the primary product of both sources?

A

Volcanic activity and decay of organic matter. H2S produced by both.

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15
Q

Provide the oxidation reaction of H2S

A

2H2S + 3O2 –> 2SO2 + 2H2O

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16
Q

What is the primary property of SO2 that allows it to be removed from emissions?

A

It is an acidic gas

17
Q

What is meant by fluidized bed combustion?

A

Coal is mixed with limestone and heated until the limestone decomposes, releasing alkaline CaO. This reacts with SO2 produced by the coal.

18
Q

Provide the reaction scheme that describes fluidized bed combustion

A

CaCO3 –> CaO + CO22CaO + 2SO2 –> CaSO3 + CO2

19
Q

What is meant by ‘alkaline scrubbing?’

A

Alkali gas is sprayed into the flues of coal burning plants, where it reacts with SO2 gas being released.

20
Q

Provide the reaction scheme for generalized alkaline scrubbing

A

Ca(OH)2 + SO2 –> CaSO3 + H2OCaCO3 + SO2 –> CaSO3 + CO2

21
Q

Define the term ‘aerosol’

A

A solid or liquid particle suspended in a gas

22
Q

What size range do course aerosols inhabit?

A

2.5μm - 10μm

23
Q

What size range do fine aerosols occupy?

A

Less than 2.5μm

24
Q

What are anthropogenic sources of aerosols?

A

Soot, flue ash, metal particles (metalworking/foundries)

25
Q

What are natural sources of aerosols?

A

Pollen, dust, soot from forest fires

26
Q

What are some ways of removing aerosols from the air?

A

Filtration, sedimentation, scrubbing, electrostatic precipitation

27
Q

What is meant by ‘electrostatic precipitation?’

A

Particles are passed through a series of negatively charged wires where they pick up negative charge. The particles then pass positively charged plates, which attract the negatively charged particles.

28
Q

What are volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?

A

Natural or anthropogenic products that are readily react with the atmosphere when released into it

29
Q

What are some examples of natural sources of VOCs?

A

Bacterial decay of organic matter to produce CH4Plant production of unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g. terpenes

30
Q

What are some examples of anthropogenic sources of VOCs?

A

Unburnt hydrocarbons from combustion of organic substancesSolvents used for paints and cleaning productsIncomplete combustion of wood which produces aromatic and potentially carcinogenic compounds

31
Q

What effect does CO have on human health?

A

Joins to haemoglobin in blood and prevents oxygen transport

32
Q

What health effect do NOx compounds have on human health?

A

Fluid accumulation in lungs that can lead to infection or death

33
Q

What effect do SO2/SO3 have on human health?

A

Damages mucous membranes in nose, throat, and lungs

34
Q

What effects can VOCs have on human health?

A

Damage to liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Aromatic hydrocarbons can cause cancer

35
Q

What type of acid is H2SO4?

A

A weak acid

Chemistry (10 decks)

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