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health & social care - unit 1 > aim b > Flashcards

aim b Flashcards

1
Q

definitions of nature and nurture

A

nature is the influence of genetics on an individual

nurture is the influence of the environment on an individual

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2
Q

gesell’s maturation theory

A
  • he identified milestones for each developmental aspect, normative approach
  • child moves through the sequence at their own pace
  • development and pace is genetically pre-determined
  • nature side of nature vs nurture debate
  • says child should only be taught new things when intellectually ready
  • similar to chomsky
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3
Q

define maturation

A

complex changes, including an increase in skills, abilities and capabilities, capped by genetics

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4
Q

criticisms of gesell’s maturation theory

A
  • doesn’t take learning disabilities into account
  • doesn’t consider environmental influences into account
  • bandura says behaviour is learnt through observation and imitation
  • only studied white, middle class parents and children
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5
Q

bandura’s social learning theory

A

behaviour is learnt through observing and imitating others

when we observe others, we notice what response they get

when behaviour is learnt yet performed later, it is called latent learning

we need motivation to imitate others

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6
Q

define primary socialisation

A

learning norms and expectations from first role model influences (parents/caregivers)

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7
Q

define secondary socialisation

A

influences outside the family home (the media, teachers, peers)

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8
Q

motivation to imitate

A

similarity to ourselves, gender, prestige, competence, fame, status

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9
Q

criticisms of bandura’s social learning theory

A

not all behaviour is copied - where is it learnt from?

doesn’t take personality traits into account

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10
Q

strengths of bandura’s social learning theory

A

behaviour is shaped by more than just rewards & reinforcement

suggests positive role models encourage positive behaviour

explains why people carry out behaviours without reward

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11
Q

describe the stress-diathesis model

A

the idea that a disorder or behaviour trait is more likely to be expressed when triggered by the environment

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12
Q

define susceptibility

A

increased likelihood to develop a disease or health condition

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13
Q

cancer definition

A

over 200 types
a cell disease, cells replicate uncontrollably

most can be linked to the environment/lifestyle choices

mutations in certain genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, TP53, PALB2, PTEN) increase risk of breast cancer

faults can be detected through a blood test

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14
Q

diabetes

A

type 1 –> body doesn’t produce insulin, disposition impacts

type 2 –> body makes less insulin and becomes immune to it, disposition and environment impact

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15
Q

high blood cholesterol

A

risk increased by unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, smoking & drinking

can lead to high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke

HDL is good cholesterol, LDL is bad

1 in 600 babies are born with high blood cholesterol

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16
Q

cystic fibrosis (genes, symptoms, phenotype, treatments)

A

faulty gene carried by 4% of UK population

recessive, both parents must be carriers for children to inherit

causes lungs to be clogged with mucus

symptoms include problems absorbing food, respiratory and chest infections

treatments include physiotherapy to control breathing, special diet and drugs for food absorption

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17
Q

brittle bone disease

A

can be inherited, or developed via mutation

high risk of fracturing/breaking bones due to lack of or wrong type of collagen

can be helped through physiotherapy, assistive treatments and drug treatment

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18
Q

phenylketonuria (pku)

A

prevents the child from breaking down amino acid ‘phenylalanine’ (found in milk, meat, eggs)

if the child eats food containing the above, leads to build-up of harmful substances causing damage to brain development

detected at birth via heel prick blood
test

results in severe learning difficulty or death in untreated

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19
Q

huntington’s disease

A

symptoms start between 35-55

causes damage to the brain’s nerve cells

symptoms include depression, mood swings, fidgety movements, problems with feeding, erratic behaviour

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20
Q

klinefelter’s syndrome

A
  • found in 1 in 600 boys
  • extra X chromosome acquired post-conception
  • slow to reach milestones, undescended testicles, poor muscle power, delayed communication, passive personality (causes difficulty socialising, expressing feelings, which impacts emotional development, leading to low self confidence)
  • mild learning difficulties (short attention span, difficulty with literacy, higher rates of dyslexia & dyspraxia)
  • symptoms: low energy levels, extra growth spurts, testes do not grow, lack of testosterone, low muscle tone, less calcium in bones, small firm testicles, small penis, lack of body/facial hair, difficulty with libido & fertility
  • treatment available for low testosterone levels, mastectomy, fertility treatments
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21
Q

down’s syndrome

A
  • due to extra chromosome 21
  • not inherited
  • can cause varying levels of learning disability
  • characteristic physical features, associated medical issues
  • increased risk when mother is 45+
  • life expectancy is 50-60
  • more likely to develop depression, hearing, heart and visual issues
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22
Q

colour blindness

A
  • individual has no colour perception at all
  • affects 2.7 million people in Britain, mostly men
  • genetic for most, or as a result of other conditions (diabetes, MS)
  • can be affected by the ageing process, or side effect of a mutation
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23
Q

duchenne muscular dystrophy

A
  • muscles weaken gradually
  • caused by damage in the genes responsible for muscle structure and function
  • inherited on female gene and passed down to male offspring
  • seen in 1 in 3500 boys in the UK
  • prevents body from producing dystrophin
  • usually diagnosed by 5, in wheelchair by 12
  • affects gross motor more than fine
  • survival beyond 30 is rare
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24
Q

congenital disorder definition

A

a condition present from birth, can be inherited or environmental, is not always severe

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25
Q

genetic risk factors for congenital disorders

A
  • chromosome abnormalities (down’s CF)
  • consanguinity doubles risk of neonatal and childhood death, disability and other anomalies
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26
Q

socioeconomic risk factors for congenital disorders

A
  • 94% of congenital disorders are found in low and middle income countries
  • poorer access to healthcare and screening
  • maternal age
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27
Q

environmental factors for congenital disorders

A
  • maternal infections (syphilis, rubella, zika)
  • exposure to radiation, certain pollutants
  • maternal nutritional deficiencies (iodine, folate)
  • illness (gestational diabetes)
  • certain drugs (alcohol, nicotene)
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28
Q

foetal alcohol syndrome

A
  • caused by exposure to alcohol in the womb
  • cause a wide range of physical, behavioural and learning problems
  • most likely during the second half of the 1st trimester
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29
Q

physical features of FASDs

A

small head, small eye openings, flat upper part of nose, short nose, thin upper lip, flat philtrum

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30
Q

rubella

A

can cause hearing and vision problems, brain inflammation, cerebral palsy, stunted intrauterine growth, heart disease, stillbirth, miscarriage, diabetes

more dangerous when contracted in early pregnancy

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31
Q

zika

A

microcephaly, smaller & less developed brains

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32
Q

foods to avoid during pregnancy

A

undercooked meat
soft cheese
deli meats
soy products
raw eggs
unpasteurised milk
alcohol

33
Q

foods to implement during pregnancy

A

protein, calcium, fibre

34
Q

impact of cars and industry

A

produces pollutants including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, especially impacts those who live near busy roads

people who live in cities are more at risk of developing lung disease and asthma

35
Q

impacts of biofuels

A

coal, wood, gas and oil are burned to produce energy

this produces smoke with poisonous gases and particles

physical impacts include coughing, wheezing, sore eyes

social & emotional include staying indoors, social withdrawal

36
Q

impacts of pollen and allergens

A

e.g. dust, pollen, pollution

can inflame lining of the lungs, causing swelling and more mucus

symptoms include coughing, wheezing, panic and fear

37
Q

impacts of damp and mould

A

increases risk of allergic and inflammatory diseases, like asthma

38
Q

poor housing causes (accidents)

A

poor lighting, non-safety glass windows, loose rugs, poor maintenance of stairs

39
Q

impacts of overcrowding

A

lack of privacy, noise, limited access to washing facilities, tv programmes, internet

40
Q

impacts of low income (housing)

A
  • damp
  • overcrowded housing
  • cost of heating
  • older properties, costs more to heat house
41
Q

hypothermia

A

older people relying on state pension may fear rising fuel costs and have heating on less

little movement and declining fat layer makes the elderly more susceptible, increasing risk of death

42
Q

effects of stress on health

A

P- lowers immunity, increases heart rate and blood pressure, over/undereating,

I - inability to concentrate, recall, poor judgement

E - agitation, moodiness, can lead to serious mental health problems, loss of confidence

S - isolation

43
Q

impacts of bullying

A

lowers self confidence, causes stress, depression and anxiety

children likely to experience this at school, adults experience at work or within family

loneliness, insecurity, loss of interest in activities, difficulty maintaining relationships, self harm

44
Q

issues impacting access to health & social care services

A

availability of transport, opening times, specialist needs

45
Q

impacts of divorce on social development

A
  • lack of resilience
  • increased reliance on friends
  • easily pressured
  • lack of trust in relationships
46
Q

impacts of divorce on emotional development

A
  • 3s are negative
  • no sense of belonging
  • depression
  • self blame
  • envious of friends parents
47
Q

positive impacts of divorce on children

A
  • a life lesson
  • more one-on-one time with parents
  • children become more adaptable and resilient
  • increased empathy
48
Q

sibling rivalry

A

competition and animosity between siblings

49
Q

bullying

A

offensive, intimidating, malicious or insulting behaviour

50
Q

impacts of sibling rivalry

A
  • depression
  • anxiety
  • loneliness
  • insecurity
  • low self-esteem
  • loss of interest in activities
  • difficulty maintaining relationships
51
Q

parenting styles

A

authoritative, authoritarian, uninvolved, permissive

52
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

domineering, dictatorial, enforce punishments, unresponsive

children are often rebellious, have poor decision making skills, problematic in social settings

53
Q

permissive parenting

A

lenient, few demands, “friend”

lack of self-control, poor at setting boundaries

54
Q

authoritative parenting

A

enforce rules, provide warmth and support

resilient, conform well to society’s expectations

55
Q

uninvolved parenting

A

may be neglectful, provide little guidance and support

may seek risky behaviours for attention

56
Q

groups that may deny medical intervention

A
  • jehovah’s witnesses decline blood transfusions
  • older chinese people may use traditional and herbal remedies
57
Q

dietary restrictions

A
  • meat and dairy must be kept separate in kosher diets
  • jewish people do not eat pork or shellfish
  • hindu and sikh diets are vegetarian
  • muslims do not consume pork, non-halal meats, or alcohol
58
Q

income and expenditure definition

A

a person’s level of income and personal wealth

59
Q

absolute poverty

A

when you can’t afford clothing, food, housing and bills

60
Q

relative poverty

A

when you can ONLY afford clothing, food, housing, bills

61
Q

sources of income

A
  • wages from employment
  • profit from business (if self employed)
  • benefits from the government
  • money from invested wealth
  • money through sale/rental of assets
62
Q

people likely to be low income

A
  • single-parent families
  • unemployed people
  • older people
  • sick/disabled people
  • families with single earners
63
Q

employment status

A

whether a person is employed or not, if their job is manual or non-manual, part time or full time, and future prospects

64
Q

positives of a good education

A

wider career and lifestyle choices,
higher salary and job satisfaction (boosts self image + self esteem),
can lead to stress

65
Q

impact of an overcrowded home on education

A

children have less time & space to study, grades suffer, can only work minimum wage & cycle continues

66
Q

impacts of stress

A

can cause heart failure
can cause depression

67
Q

impacts of an unhealthy diet

A
  • malnutrition affects development of bones, organs & muscles
  • foods with saturated fats, refined sugar etc are cheaper but lead to obesity which puts pressure on joints
  • obesity increases risk of type 2 diabetes, and therefore risk of infection & amputation
  • obesity increases risk of cvd
68
Q

impacts of smoking

A
  • if pregnant, child has increased chance of learning disability, and being underweight
  • wrinkles form, smell, yellow teeth and nails, poor stamina
  • increased chance of chest infections, respiratory issues, cancer, cvd and stroke
69
Q

impacts of alcohol

A
  • no more than 14 units per week
  • can cause foetal alcohol syndrome if pregnant
  • increased risk of throat, mouth and breast cancer
  • can cause risky behaviour (accidents, unprotected sex)
  • causes liver issues, leading to cirrhosis
  • slows reactions
  • ‘beer belly’ from carbs in alcohol
70
Q

impacts of drugs

A
  • cannabis has a calming effect but is linked with schizophrenia
  • stimulants (e.g. ecstasy) can cause CVD
  • impacts memory, increases risk of depression
  • impairs brain function
71
Q

impacts of exercise

A
  • helps to maintain a healthy weight
  • maintains mobility, heart function, strengthens bones
  • increases likelihood of mental health issues
72
Q

predictable events

A

events expected to happen at a particular time, can have a positive or negative effect

e.g. starting school/nursery, beginning/changing employment, leaving home, leaving prison, marriage, parenthood, retirement

73
Q

unpredictable events

A

events that happen unexpectedly, which may have serious physical and psychological effects, can be positive or negative

e.g. birth of a sibling, redundancy, illness and serious injury, divorce, bereavement

74
Q

impacts of moving house

A

+ exciting due to being a new experience

  • stress and anxiety about mental and physical pressures of moving
75
Q

impacts of starting/moving school

A

+ opportunity to build new friendships

  • anxiety about new routines and building relationships
76
Q

impacts of exclusion from education

A
  • lower self-image
  • lower self-esteem
  • decreased learning
  • loss of friendships
77
Q

impacts of redundancy

A

+ new opportunities for challenges and careers
- loss of earning impacts diet, lifestyle choice and ability to socialise

78
Q

impacts of imprisonment

A
  • lowers self-esteem
  • lowers self-image
  • loss of social contact

health & social care - unit 1 (3 decks)

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