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health & social care - unit 1 > aim a > Flashcards

aim a Flashcards

1
Q

define growth & development

A

growth is an increase in a measured quantity (height + weight)

development is complex changes, including increase in abilities & skills

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2
Q

principles of growth

A
  • growth rates are not constant
  • growth rates vary between children
  • different parts of the body grow at different times
  • boys usually grow faster than girls
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3
Q

principles of development

A
  • from head to toe
  • from the inside out
  • same sequence, different rates
  • holistic
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4
Q

gross motor skills (infancy)

A

newborn - primitive reflexes, like grasp
1 month - lift chin, some control of head
3 months - can lift head and chest when on front
6 months - roll over, sit up for short time w/o support, kicks legs when held up
9-10 months - crawl, cruise
12-13 months - stand alone, walk without help
18 months - climbs on furniture
2 years - use tricycle, throw a large ball
2.5 years - jumps from a low step, kick a ball

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5
Q

fine motor skills (infancy)

A

newborn - holds thumb tucked into hands
1 month - opens hand to grasp a finger
3 months - can briefly grasp a rattle
6 months - moves objects from hand to hand, picks up objects dropped in sight
9-10 months - uses finger and thumb to hold small object
12-13 months - manipulates and places toys
18 months - builds a short tower with blocks
2 years - draws lines + circles, turns a page
2.5 years - uses spoon + fork, builds tower of seven or eight blocks

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6
Q

gross motor skills (childhood)

A

3 - use pedals to ride tricycle, run, balance on one foot for a second
4 - kick and throw a large ball
5 - hop using each foot separately
6/7 - skip and ride a bicycle
8 - good strength and body coordination, can partake in sports and activities

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7
Q

fine motor skills (childhood)

A

3 - can use pencil, build tower with blocks
5 - dress and undress self, tie own shoelaces, use buttons and zips
8 - draw detailed pictures

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8
Q

physical changes in puberty (female)

A

primary - uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens, ovaries begin to release eggs, menstrual cycle commences

secondary - breasts develop, hair grows in pubic area and under arms, redistribution of body fat causes hips to widen

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9
Q

physical changes in puberty (male)

A

primary - enlargement of penis and testes, spontaneous erections, testicles begin to produce sperm

secondary - voice deepens due to changes in larynx, hair grows in armpits and pubic area, facial hair, redistribution of muscle tissue and fat

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10
Q

physical development: early adulthood

A
  • physical strength peaks between 19 and 28
  • decline in capabilities towards end of this stage if: individuals have unhealthy diet, do not exercise regularly, maintain unhealthy lifestyle
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11
Q

changes in pregnancy & lactation

A
  • increase in progesterone and estrogen, responsible for morning sickness
  • change in shape and appearance of breasts: darkened veins due to increased blood supply, nipples and areoles darken, breasts sensitive and tender
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12
Q

symptoms of perimenopause

A

• hot flushes + night sweats, causing trouble sleeping
• sore breasts
• lower sex drive
• fatigue
• irregular or very heavy periods
• vaginal dryness, causing discomfort in sex
• mood swings
• urine leakage when coughing or sneezing
• urinating more frequently

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13
Q

signs of the ageing process (middle adulthood)

A

• increased weight (middle aged spread)
• skin loses elasticity
• hair loss
• muscle decline
• receding gum line

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14
Q

symptoms of the menopause

A
  • no more periods
  • hot flushes + night sweats
  • less oestrogen and progesterone
  • lower sexual interest
  • possible osteoporosis
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15
Q

deterioration of health in older adulthood

A
  • increased risk of organ failure and heart disease
  • strength and muscle loss
  • reduced stamina
  • less mobility and dexterity
  • slower reactions
  • visual and hearing problems
  • incontinence
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16
Q

stages of language development

A

3 months - babbling noises
12 months - imitating sounds carers make, like ‘da da’
2 years - two word sentences like “cat goed”
3 years - simple sentences, “i want drink”, simple questions, vocabulary grows rapidly
4 years - clear sentences, but grammar mistakes expected
5 years - full adult grammar, formal grammar continues to improve, wider vocabulary

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17
Q

the 4 stages of piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. pre-operational (2-7)
  3. concrete operational (7-11)
  4. formal operational (11-18)
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18
Q

describe the sensorimotor stage

A

infant explores the world via its immediate senses and the actions they perform, lacks internal schemata, egocentric, lacks object permanence

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19
Q

pre operational stage

A

child creates and adds to schemata, very influenced by sight, fails to carry out logical operations and show centration, lack of conservation

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20
Q

concrete operational stage

A

child is able to carry out mental operations, de-centre, carry out concrete logical thinking

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21
Q

formal operational stage

A

has the capacity for abstract logical thinking, consider outcomes that aren’t just obvious

22
Q

define assimilation and accommodation

A

assimilation is making sense of a new situation, accommodation is adjusting an existing schema

23
Q

skinner’s learning theory

A

all behaviour is learned, behaviour develops through consequences that follow

positive reinforcement is a reward
negative is a consequence

learning through reinforcement is called operant conditioning

24
Q

criticisms of skinner

A
  • ignores role of maturation/nature
  • child cannot always repeat what adult says
  • few children receive explicit grammatical correction
  • evidence for critical period for language acquisition
25
Q

chomsky’s model of language acquisition

A

believes we’re genetically programmed to develop a language

individuals born with LAD enabling children to recognise language they experience

believes language isn’t learnt from imitation alone, ability to develop language is through maturation

26
Q

criticisms of chomsky

A

lack of scientific evidence (didn’t study real children), too much emphasis on grammar, didn’t take children with delayed language development into consideration

27
Q

how age impacts memory

A

cognitive abilities such as memory recall decline, not always due to dementia

28
Q

theories of attachment (bowlby)

A

children are biologically preprogrammed to want to form an attachment to their caregiver

if separated when they need to feel close to parent, child may suffer separation anxiety

strong attachment with caregiver results in healthier relationships later in life

29
Q

attachment theory - schaffer & emerson

A

children can form multiple attachments

babies are more likely to form attachments with people that respond to their needs (responsiveness)

30
Q

reasons for insecure attachments

A
  • prematurity, if baby can’t be picked up and held
  • post-natal depression
  • separation
  • foster care/adoption
  • emotional unavailability
  • disability
31
Q

define self-image, and what it’s influenced by

A

self image is the mental picture someone has of themselves

it’s influenced by quality of social interactions, our parents, peers, life events and social roles

32
Q

importance of positive self-esteem

A

children with high self-esteem have an easier time with relationships

children with low self esteem can become passive, withdrawn and depressed - could be caused by family dysfunction

33
Q

state the stages of play

A

solo play, parallel play, cooperative play

34
Q

explain what happens in solo play

A

infant (0-2) plays alone as they don’t yet have the necessary communication skills

allows child to think, create and explore the environment at their own pace - making and learning from mistakes boosts self-esteem

develops physical and mental abilities

35
Q

explain what happens in parallel play

A

between 2 and 3, child plays alongside other children

not yet developed turn taking and sharing skills

each child engrossed in their own independent activity

36
Q

explain what happens in cooperative play

A

between 3-8, child is more cooperative in play due to language development

by 7, most establish a number of important friendships/best friend

can add rules to games

37
Q

how friend groups help emotionally

A
  • help avoid loneliness
  • boosts self worth and self confidence
  • reduces levels of stress and depression
  • boosts happiness
38
Q

how friends encourage a healthy lifestyle

A
  • avoiding excessive drinking & junk food
  • taking regular exercise
39
Q

practical help friends provide

A

support during:
- job loss
- serious illness
- bereavement
- relationship breakdown

40
Q

why friendships aren’t a priority in middle adulthood

A
  • changing interests or circumstances
  • career and home commitments
  • caring for children or vulnerable parents
  • friendships could grow apart
41
Q

negative effects of peer pressure

A

decreases self confidence
distancing from family members & friends
questioning self concept
participating in risky behaviour

42
Q

positive effects of peer pressure

A

trying harder at school
more assertive
more social
positive role model
positive lifestyle change

43
Q

how children form relationships

A

largely through play, children make friends, and end friendships just as quickly

44
Q

describe informal relationships

A

develop within families and close friends from infancy, promotes positive self-concept and develops 3 S’s and emotional attachments

prepares adolescents and adults for developing intimate relationships that have mutual respect

45
Q

describe formal relationships

A

develop in different contexts between people who are not family or friends (e.g. teacher & student)

46
Q

independence in infancy

A

infants are entirely dependent on their caregiver(s) for food, attention, etc

47
Q

independence in early childhood

A

child gradually becomes more independent - can dress self, feed self, make own decisions

48
Q

independence in adolescence

A

questioning identity, is socially independent from the family

influenced by norms & peer pressure

starts to become more financially independent

49
Q

independence in early & middle adulthood

A

early - leaving the family home, parenthood, work

middle adulthood - often fewer family commitments and disposable income, yet some must balance working with caring for children or their own parents

50
Q

independence in later adulthood

A

can increase due to free time in retirement, can spend this time with family, travelling etc

BUT if individual is more socially withdrawn, their cognitive abilities may decline if the brain isn’t stimulated by conversation frequently

health & social care - unit 1 (3 decks)

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