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1
Q

define growth & development

A

growth is an increase in a measured quantity (height + weight)

development is complex changes, including increase in abilities & skills

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2
Q

principles of growth

A
  • growth rates are not constant
  • growth rates vary between children
  • different parts of the body grow at different times
  • boys usually grow faster than girls
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3
Q

principles of development

A
  • from head to toe
  • from the inside out
  • same sequence, different rates
  • holistic
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4
Q

gross motor skills (infancy)

A

newborn - primitive reflexes, like grasp
1 month - lift chin, some control of head
3 months - can lift head and chest when on front
6 months - roll over, sit up for short time w/o support, kicks legs when held up
9-10 months - crawl, cruise
12-13 months - stand alone, walk without help
18 months - climbs on furniture
2 years - use tricycle, throw a large ball
2.5 years - jumps from a low step, kick a ball

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5
Q

fine motor skills (infancy)

A

newborn - holds thumb tucked into hands
1 month - opens hand to grasp a finger
3 months - can briefly grasp a rattle
6 months - moves objects from hand to hand, picks up objects dropped in sight
9-10 months - uses finger and thumb to hold small object
12-13 months - manipulates and places toys
18 months - builds a short tower with blocks
2 years - draws lines + circles, turns a page
2.5 years - uses spoon + fork, builds tower of seven or eight blocks

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6
Q

gross motor skills (childhood)

A

3 - use pedals to ride tricycle, run, balance on one foot for a second
4 - kick and throw a large ball
5 - hop using each foot separately
6/7 - skip and ride a bicycle
8 - good strength and body coordination, can partake in sports and activities

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7
Q

fine motor skills (childhood)

A

3 - can use pencil, build tower with blocks
5 - dress and undress self, tie own shoelaces, use buttons and zips
8 - draw detailed pictures

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8
Q

physical changes in puberty (female)

A

primary - uterus enlarges and vagina lengthens, ovaries begin to release eggs, menstrual cycle commences

secondary - breasts develop, hair grows in pubic area and under arms, redistribution of body fat causes hips to widen

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9
Q

physical changes in puberty (male)

A

primary - enlargement of penis and testes, spontaneous erections, testicles begin to produce sperm

secondary - voice deepens due to changes in larynx, hair grows in armpits and pubic area, facial hair, redistribution of muscle tissue and fat

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10
Q

physical development: early adulthood

A
  • physical strength peaks between 19 and 28
  • decline in capabilities towards end of this stage if: individuals have unhealthy diet, do not exercise regularly, maintain unhealthy lifestyle
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11
Q

changes in pregnancy & lactation

A
  • increase in progesterone and estrogen, responsible for morning sickness
  • change in shape and appearance of breasts: darkened veins due to increased blood supply, nipples and areoles darken, breasts sensitive and tender
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12
Q

symptoms of perimenopause

A

• hot flushes + night sweats, causing trouble sleeping
• sore breasts
• lower sex drive
• fatigue
• irregular or very heavy periods
• vaginal dryness, causing discomfort in sex
• mood swings
• urine leakage when coughing or sneezing
• urinating more frequently

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13
Q

signs of the ageing process (middle adulthood)

A

• increased weight (middle aged spread)
• skin loses elasticity
• hair loss
• muscle decline
• receding gum line

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14
Q

symptoms of the menopause

A
  • no more periods
  • hot flushes + night sweats
  • less oestrogen and progesterone
  • lower sexual interest
  • possible osteoporosis
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15
Q

deterioration of health in older adulthood

A
  • increased risk of organ failure and heart disease
  • strength and muscle loss
  • reduced stamina
  • less mobility and dexterity
  • slower reactions
  • visual and hearing problems
  • incontinence
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16
Q

stages of language development

A

3 months - babbling noises
12 months - imitating sounds carers make, like ‘da da’
2 years - two word sentences like “cat goed”
3 years - simple sentences, “i want drink”, simple questions, vocabulary grows rapidly
4 years - clear sentences, but grammar mistakes expected
5 years - full adult grammar, formal grammar continues to improve, wider vocabulary

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17
Q

the 4 stages of piaget’s theory of cognitive development

A
  1. sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. pre-operational (2-7)
  3. concrete operational (7-11)
  4. formal operational (11-18)
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18
Q

describe the sensorimotor stage

A

infant explores the world via its immediate senses and the actions they perform, lacks internal schemata, egocentric, lacks object permanence

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19
Q

pre operational stage

A

child creates and adds to schemata, very influenced by sight, fails to carry out logical operations and show centration, lack of conservation

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20
Q

concrete operational stage

A

child is able to carry out mental operations, de-centre, carry out concrete logical thinking

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21
Q

formal operational stage

A

has the capacity for abstract logical thinking, consider outcomes that aren’t just obvious

22
Q

define assimilation and accommodation

A

assimilation is making sense of a new situation, accommodation is adjusting an existing schema

23
Q

skinner’s learning theory

A

all behaviour is learned, behaviour develops through consequences that follow

positive reinforcement is a reward
negative is a consequence

learning through reinforcement is called operant conditioning

24
Q

criticisms of skinner

A
  • ignores role of maturation/nature
  • child cannot always repeat what adult says
  • few children receive explicit grammatical correction
  • evidence for critical period for language acquisition
25
chomsky’s model of language acquisition
believes we’re genetically programmed to develop a language individuals born with LAD enabling children to recognise language they experience believes language isn’t learnt from imitation alone, ability to develop language is through maturation
26
criticisms of chomsky
lack of scientific evidence (didn’t study real children), too much emphasis on grammar, didn’t take children with delayed language development into consideration
27
how age impacts memory
cognitive abilities such as memory recall decline, not always due to dementia
28
theories of attachment (bowlby)
children are biologically preprogrammed to want to form an attachment to their caregiver if separated when they need to feel close to parent, child may suffer separation anxiety strong attachment with caregiver results in healthier relationships later in life
29
attachment theory - schaffer & emerson
children can form multiple attachments babies are more likely to form attachments with people that respond to their needs (responsiveness)
30
reasons for insecure attachments
- prematurity, if baby can't be picked up and held - post-natal depression - separation - foster care/adoption - emotional unavailability - disability
31
define self-image, and what it's influenced by
self image is the mental picture someone has of themselves it's influenced by quality of social interactions, our parents, peers, life events and social roles
32
importance of positive self-esteem
children with high self-esteem have an easier time with relationships children with low self esteem can become passive, withdrawn and depressed - could be caused by family dysfunction
33
state the stages of play
solo play, parallel play, cooperative play
34
explain what happens in solo play
infant (0-2) plays alone as they don't yet have the necessary communication skills allows child to think, create and explore the environment at their own pace - making and learning from mistakes boosts self-esteem develops physical and mental abilities
35
explain what happens in parallel play
between 2 and 3, child plays alongside other children not yet developed turn taking and sharing skills each child engrossed in their own independent activity
36
explain what happens in cooperative play
between 3-8, child is more cooperative in play due to language development by 7, most establish a number of important friendships/best friend can add rules to games
37
how friend groups help emotionally
- help avoid loneliness - boosts self worth and self confidence - reduces levels of stress and depression - boosts happiness
38
how friends encourage a healthy lifestyle
- avoiding excessive drinking & junk food - taking regular exercise
39
practical help friends provide
support during: - job loss - serious illness - bereavement - relationship breakdown
40
why friendships aren't a priority in middle adulthood
- changing interests or circumstances - career and home commitments - caring for children or vulnerable parents - friendships could grow apart
41
negative effects of peer pressure
decreases self confidence distancing from family members & friends questioning self concept participating in risky behaviour
42
positive effects of peer pressure
trying harder at school more assertive more social positive role model positive lifestyle change
43
how children form relationships
largely through play, children make friends, and end friendships just as quickly
44
describe informal relationships
develop within families and close friends from infancy, promotes positive self-concept and develops 3 S's and emotional attachments prepares adolescents and adults for developing intimate relationships that have mutual respect
45
describe formal relationships
develop in different contexts between people who are not family or friends (e.g. teacher & student)
46
independence in infancy
infants are entirely dependent on their caregiver(s) for food, attention, etc
47
independence in early childhood
child gradually becomes more independent - can dress self, feed self, make own decisions
48
independence in adolescence
questioning **identity**, is socially independent from the family influenced by norms & peer pressure starts to become more financially independent
49
independence in early & middle adulthood
early - leaving the family home, parenthood, work middle adulthood - often fewer family commitments and disposable income, yet some must balance working with caring for children or their own parents
50
independence in later adulthood
can increase due to free time in retirement, can spend this time with family, travelling etc BUT if individual is more socially withdrawn, their cognitive abilities may decline if the brain isn't stimulated by conversation frequently

health & social care - unit 1 (3 decks)

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