AIDS & Vaccines Flashcards
Autoimmune diseases due to type II hypersensitivity reaction:
- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- Pemphigus vulgaris
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Autoimmune diseases due to type III hypersensitivity reaction (non organ specific):
Lupus erythematosus
Is there type I hypersensitivity autoimmune disease? Why?
No b/c of IgE
Organ or cell specific AID for type II:
- Hashimoto’s thyroiditis:
- Pemphigus vulgaris:
- (benign) Mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP or MMP):
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemia:
- Myasthenia gravis
- Acute rheymatic fever
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis has antibodies to
Anti-thyroid
Pemphigus vulgaris has antibodies to
Antibodies to interstellar substance of the epithelium
(benign) Mucous membrane pemphigoid (BMMP or MMP) has antibodies to
Antibodies to basement membrane
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia has antibodies to
RBCs
How do you get erythrocyte lysis?
anti-erythrocyte antibody attaches to RBC & you get complete activation as complement system & RBC lyse
How do you get phagocytosis & erythrocyte destruction?
FcR for antibody = phagocytosis
C3b is attached to antibody on RBC –> phagocytic cells express CR1
Myasthenia gravis antibody
Antibody against Ach receptor
How do you get myasthenia gravis?
Receptors are internalized by presence of antibody (inside of cell) → Ach doesn’t have receptor to interact w/ once it leaves presynaptic cell → muscle weakness
How do you get myasthenia gravis in infant? What if autoantibody is IgA?
Mother w/ Grave’s disease makes anti-TSHR antibodies → IgG antibodies cross placenta into fetus during pregnancy → newborn infant suffers from Graves’ disease → plasmapheresis removes maternal anti-TSHR antibodies & cures infant (in a few months once maternal antibodies are gone)
Baby wouldn’t get disease b/c IgA can’t cross placenta
Acute rheumatic fever antibodies
Antibodies cross-react w/ cardiac muscle
Examples of bullous (blister) diseases
pemphigus vulgaris & MMP
Non-organ specific AID (type III) example
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Describe Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). What does it have antibodies to?
Developes circulating immune complexes against antigens
Type III
Antibodies to: DNA, histones, ribosomes, snRNP, scRNP
T-cell mediated disease (type IV) examples
- Type 1 diabetes
- Rheumatoid arthritis
Type I diabetes has antibodies to
Pancreatic
What is islet cell transplantation?
harvest islet of langerhans from pancreas & transplant into type I diabetic patient → patient’s won’t have to rely on receiving insulin for a while
Rheumatoid arthritis results in
Joint inflammation & destruction
Rheumatoid arthritis relationship to thymus
Inverse correlation between involution of thymus (loss of thymus w/ age, becomes fatty) & incidence of RA (increase of RA w/ age)
Therapy directed against B cells have ___ antibody for ___
Anti-CD20
Rituximab
For patients w/ type IV, you can treat them w/ ___ therapy like ___ which causes CMI response
Anti-TNF alpha
Infliximab
Rheumatic diseases caused by autoimmunity
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Define active immunity
when exposed to microbe or its products or when you recover
2 ways active immunity occurs. Describe.
- Natural: develops after recovering from infection
- Artificial: intentional administration
Examples of artificial administration for active immunity
Toxoids (tetanus), Inactivated vaccine where you receive killed microbe or its byproducts (HBV & covid), & live attenuated vaccines (measles & mumps)
Describe passive immunity
through the administration of preformed antibodies (that are made in an animal, individual, or lab) as anti-toxins or human gammaglobulin
2 ways passive immunity occurs. Describe them.
- Natural: placental transfer of antibodies (IgG)
- Artificial: anti-toxins (if you have tetanus you’re administered an antibody), human gammaglobulin, select monoclonal antibodies like those against Covid
Killed vaccines antigenic mass, duration immun, & immunosup/deficient
Small
short-lived booster
Usually okay
Live vaccines antigenic mass, duration immun, & immunosup/deficient
Larger due to proliferation of microbe
Often life long
Risk of disseminated & disease often fatal
What’s used w/ kill vaccine? What do they do? Examples?
Adjuvants
Enhance immune response so it lasts longer
Alum & freund’s adjuvant
___ is when the donor & recipient are the same individual
Autograft
Define isograft
donor & recipient are genetically identical (identical twins)
Define allograft
donor & recipient are of the same species, but genetically different
___ is when the donor & recipient are of different species
Xenograft
___ & ___ have graft rejection
Allografts & xenograft
Acute vs. hyperacute graft rejection. What is their hypersensitivity reaction type?
Acute: usually mediated by T cells & they attack transplant
- Type IV hypersensitivity reaction
Hyperacute: antibody-mediated, the recipient has antibodies to donor organ
- Type II hypersensitivity reaction
How does graft vs. host disease (GVHD) occur? What type of graft is this seen in?
Occurs when donor lymphocytes in donor graft attack recipient cells (T cells in transplant attack the recipients tissues)
Allograft
___ is a major problem in BM transplantation
Graft vs. host disease (GVHD)
Blood type A, B, AB, O antibody & antigen.
A
- antibody = anti B
- antigen = A
B
- antibody = anti A
- antigen = B
AB
- antibody = none
- antigen = A & B
O
- antibody = anti A & B
- antigen = none
___ is important in transplant setting
Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Blood transfusion reactions is an example of type ___ hypersensitivity reactions
Type II
Rh antigens is found on RBCs of ___% of population. Individuals w/ Rh- have what?
85%
Individuals who are Rh- can develop antibody to Rh antigen (anti-D)
Describe erythroblastosis fetalis
Pregnant Rh- mother that’s been exposed to Rh antigen due to previous birth or blood transfusion, she has anti-D antibodies & Rh+ fetus → anti-D antibody crosses placenta & causes hemolytic anemia in newborn
What is the drug given to pregnant Rh- woman who hasn’t developed antibody to Rh antigen? Can you give it to mother who already has anti-D?
Rhogam
No
