3.1.11 Immune Failures

Question 1

What is evasion of immune response?

Answer 1

• Caused by antigenic variation and stereotypes
• Same microorganism can express different antigens on its surface
  -Antibody in first immune response is useless when it interacts w/ different antigen

Question 2

___ is important in influenza viral infections

Answer 2

Genetic recombination

Question 3

Is there genetic recombination in covid?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Antigenic shift can lead to ___. Why?

Answer 4

Pandemic

Results in new virus that humans don’t have antibodies for and the entire population is vulnerable

Question 5

Describe latency

Answer 5

• Once you’re infected (w/ certain illnesses) you have it for your whole life
• Certain viruses become latent and hidden from immune response
• When activated, they cause recurrent infection

Question 6

Herpes virus is an example of

Answer 6

Latency

Question 7

Superantigens are produced by ___ bacteria. They stimulate a ___ response. What do they bind to and what do they connect?

Answer 7

Gram +
Ineffective and nonspecific response
Binds to MHC and connect MHC to T cell receptor

Question 8

Superantigens have a big response of

Answer 8

IL-2
Gamma IF
TNF alpha

Question 9

Can primary/ secondary immunodeficiency diseases be genetic or developmental?

Answer 9

Primary
NOT secondary

Question 10

When does primary and secondary immunodeficiency diseases occur?

Answer 10

Primary at birth
Secondary after birth

Question 11

Cause and treatment of Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia. What phase of B cycle is it stuck in? What’s a major problem with this disease?

Answer 11

Loss of tyrosine kinase results in lack of antibodies ( B cell defect)

IV-IG monthly

early B cell phase, WONT go to immature B cell phase

recurrent urinary tract infections

Question 12

Cause of X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome

Answer 12

Lack of receptor for CD40 ligand or CD154 which is expressed by CD4+ T cells

Question 13

What antibody is produced in X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome? Will macrophages be activated? why/why not?

Answer 13

IgM

No, b/c CD4 normally interacts w/ macrophage and releases gamma IF to activate macrophage to destroy, but since there’s no CD40 ligand, CD4 can’t be activated to interact

Question 14

Symptom: patients become neutropenic and can develop sores/blisters in mouth
is for what syndrome?

Answer 14

X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome

Question 15

What is the most common primary immunodeficiency? Describe it. What antibody is found in saliva?

Answer 15

Selective IgA deficiency

IgA is foreign

IgM found in saliva

Question 16

Digeorge’s syndrome is also called

Answer 16

thymic hypoplasia

Question 17

Describe Digeorge’s syndrome

What’s an example?

Answer 17

Lack of thymus (T cell defect)

Patients have problems w/ viral infections, fungal infections, intracellular bacterial infections (ex: tuberculosis), parasitic infections…

nude mouse (hairless mouse)

Question 18

Result of Digeorge’s syndrome

Answer 18

antibody levels are lower than normal b/c lack of CD4+ TfH+ T cells

Question 19

___ disease lacks cell mediated immunity and humoral immunity

What’s an example?

Answer 19

severe combined immunodeficiency disease

Scid mice

Question 20

XSCID, RAG deficiency, ADA deficiency are examples of. what are each of their gene defects?

Answer 20

severe combined immunodeficiency disease

XSCID = IL-2 receptor gamma chain
RAG deficiency = RAG1 & RAG2
ADA deficiency = ADA

Question 21

Chronic granulomatous disease is a defect in ___. What can’t they produce? What does this affect?

Answer 21

patients phagocytic cells

O2 radicals and hydrogen peroxide

affects neutrophils and macrophages

Question 22

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency has 2 types. What are they?

Answer 22

Type I: lack of a specific integrin on PMNs (LFA-1)
- most common

Type II: lack of selectin receptor on PMNs (neutrophil)

Question 23

What is the common theme in leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

Answer 23

Patients can develop widespread pyogenic bacterial infections, diapedesis won’t occur (neutrophils can’t respond and kill microorganism)

Question 24

IL-8 is a ___ which is also a ___

Answer 24

Chemokine
Cytokine

Question 25

Within complement deficiencies, there is a lack of what 4 things?

Answer 25

Early C components (C1, 2, 4)
C3
membrane attack complexes (C5-9)
C1-esterase inhibitor

Question 26

In complement deficiencies, a lack of early C components (C1, 2, 4) is associated w/

Answer 26

immune-complex diseases, often autoimmune disease

Question 27

In complement deficiencies, a lack of C3 leads to

Answer 27

pyogenic bacterial infections
- deficiency in susceptibility to capsulated bacteria

Question 28

In complement deficiencies, a lack of membrane attack complex (C5-9) leads to

Answer 28

infection w/ neisseria SPP

Question 29

In complement deficiencies, a lack of C1-esterase inhibitor leads to

Answer 29

hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE)

Question 30

complement deficiencies can affect ___ components/leads to defects in taking up of ___

Answer 30

early complement

immune complexes

Question 31

3 causes of secondary response

Answer 31

Malnutrition
Malignancy
Infections

Question 32

AIDS is caused by ___ , which infects ___

Answer 32

HIV

HIV infects CD4+ T cells all CD4+ subsets

Question 33

How can primary immune diseases be cured from patient? What are the steps?

Answer 33

Through BM transplant

Steps:
- Irradiation and chemotherapy (destroys bone marrow)
- Bone marrow infusion (Take donor blood w/ activated stem cells)
- Healthy patient

Question 34

Immunosuppressive therapy is used in treating patients w/

Answer 34

autoimmune diseases & in transplant setting

Question 35

Opportunistic infections are caused by

Answer 35

microbes held in check by immune system but in the immunocompromised host the infection may be life threatening

Question 36

Infections may be caused by

Answer 36

parasites, bacteria, fungi and viruses