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Psychology 2a > Agression > Flashcards

Agression Flashcards

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1
Q

Clark

A

Negative correlation between amount of lynchings in Brazil and the number of African-Americans in the community

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2
Q

Power-threat hypothesis

A

Balock
States that groups that pose a threat to the majority are more likely to be discriminated against and subjected to violent action

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3
Q

Cassidy

A

During the month long Hindu festival of Mela there is a crowd of 50 million people
Increased acts of generosity and good will
Therefore crowds can promote non-aggressive behaviour

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4
Q

Nelson

A

Positive correlation between levels of androgens (male sex hormones) and aggressive behaviour
Measured in male and female prisoners
Not measured at time of the aggressive behaviour though

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5
Q

Wagner et al

A

Followed Nelson
Castrated male mice showed lower levels of aggression
Levels increased when injected with testosterone
Correlational

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6
Q

Pillay

A

Looked at male and female athletes
Testosterone causes heightened spatial abilities in females
Athletes competing in more aggressive sports had higher levels of testosterone

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7
Q

Basal model of testosterone

A

Testosterone causes a change in a persons dominance

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8
Q

Reciprocal model of testosterone

A

Testosterone levels are influenced by a persons dominance

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9
Q

Mazur and Booth

A

Men with a higher level of testosterone are more likely to divorce
Testosterone increased upon marriage and decreased after divorce (service vets)

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10
Q

Harrison et al

A

Gave 56 men aged 20-50 testosterone and then played frustrating computer game
Not all reacted with aggressive behaviour

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11
Q

Convergence theory

A

Group behaviour happens because a group of like minded individuals converge in a specific location

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12
Q

Emergent norm theory

A

Because there is no norm to follow in a group individuals look to others
Distinctive behaviour is taken on as the ‘norm’ for that group

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13
Q

The genetic factors in aggression

A

XYY karyotype

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14
Q

XYY karyotype

A

Male has an extra Y chromosome

Identified by Sandberg

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15
Q

Court-Brown

A

Sample of 314 patients

Concluded those with XYY best be hospitalised due to increased likelihood of aggression

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16
Q

Influence of infidelity on aggression

A

Partner cheats

Triggers an emotional state and perceived threat to relationship

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17
Q

Mate retention stratergies

A

Strategies that focus on keeping your mate

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18
Q

Buss et al

A

Says that the perceived threat caused by infidelity causes actions to reduce threat
Mate retention - can lead to violent/aggressive acts

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19
Q

Brunk et al

A

Said aggression caused by infidelity is different between genders
Males - uncertainty of parentage, sexual jealousy
Females - lack of time and resources provided by partner

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20
Q

Cairns

A

Study of mice and genetic aggression

Selectively bred mice that would become aggressive during middle age only

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21
Q

Theilgaard

A

Researched personality traits of XYY men, XY men and XXY men
Said only extra height can be attributed to XYY
No consistent link between genotype and levels of aggression

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22
Q

Explanations of aggression studies (genetic)

A

Theilgaard
Cairns
Court-Brown

23
Q

Explanations of aggression studies (evolutionairy)

A 
Brunk etl al
Buss et al
Clark (lynch)
Balock (power threat hypothesis)
Cassidy (Mela)
24
Q

Explanations of aggression studies (hormones)

A 
Harrison et al
Pilla
Mazur and Booth
Wagner et al
Nelson
25
Q

Situational forces in explaining institutional aggression

A

Factors in a social situation that can collectively encourage certain behaviour that wouldn’t normally be seen

26
Q

Examples of situational forces

A

Zimbado’s Stamford experiment

Abu Ghraib prison - Iraqi POWs subjected to dehumanising behaviour

27
Q

Factors used to explain situtional forces in Abu Ghraib

A

Status and power - bottom of barrel did this
Revenge - for hurting and killing US soldiers
Deinviduation - lost identity as part of group

28
Q

Indiviualistic forces in explaining aggression

A

Proposed that acts like Abu Grhaib were cause by a ‘few bad apples’

29
Q

Bandura’s social learning theory

A

4 basic processes

The presence of a role model to copy from who is either similar to child (age, gender) or in a position of power

30
Q

The 4 basic processes of Bandura’s learning theory

A

Attention to role model
Retention or storing witnessed behaviour
Reproduction or copying behaviour
Motivation for showing the witnessed behaviour (real or imaginary incentive)

31
Q

Bandura’s study

A

72 child participants (half male, half female)
Experimental group were exposed to aggressive model (½ saw same-sex, others saw opposite)
24 kids in control group went through same process but did not see a role model
If they saw the aggressive role model they were more likely to be aggressive themselves
Same gender caused an affect as well (less positive in girls)

32
Q

Evaluating Bandura’s social learning theory (positives)

A

Burgess and Akers used social learning theory to explain deviancy

33
Q

Evaluating Bandura’s social learning theory (negatives)

A

Culturally biased

Deterministic

34
Q

Deindividuation theory of aggression

A

When you can not be identified so changes in the normal standards of behaviour occurs

35
Q

Singer, Brush and Lublin

A

Found that participants in a conversation of pornography enjoyed and contributed more when they felt their identity had been reduced

36
Q

Zimbado (not Stamford)

A

Female undergraduates
Very similar to Milgram’s study
But: Participants either had large lab coats and hoods to cover faces
Or wore normal clothes
Or were given large name tags
Deindividuated group administrated 2X the amount of shocks as individuated ones

37
Q

Diener

A

Observed 1300 trick-or-treaters in US
Those in large groups or with costumes more likely to perform anti-social behaviour like stealing sweats or money
Supports deindividuation theory

38
Q

Gergen

A

Not all deindividuation leads to violence
6 men, 6 women in a dark room
Same size control group in a well lit room
Left them to do whatever they wanted for an hour
15 minutes in the dark room showed generally polite behaviour (small talk)
By 60 minutes normal barriers were gone and things ‘got physical’ with at least half cuddeling

39
Q

Cue arousal theory

A

States there needs to be a cue before built up frustration leads to anger

40
Q

Berkowitz and LePage

A

100 undergraduate students from the University of Wisconsin
Each ppt paired with confederate
Told doing an experiment on stress related to problem solving and given mild shocks by confederate to make them think they were doing badly
Swapped over
‘Angry’ group had lots of shocks, control had only 1
Sometimes 12-gauge shotgun left on table in plain view, sometimes badminton racket and shuttle cock
Angry group who saw shotgun gave most shocks for and held down longer than others

41
Q

Evaluating Cue arousal theory

A

Ignores individual differences
Anderson and Anderson found opposite results to Berkowitz and LePage
Miller et al also found this

42
Q

Relative deprivation theory

A

Stouffer built on the work of Hovland and Sears to produce this model
One group looks at another and decides they should have what the others have
Los Angeles riots of 1992

43
Q

Types of relative deprivation

A

Fraternalistic relative deprivation

Egoistic relative deprivation

44
Q

Fraternalistic relative deprivation

A

One group comparing themselves to another

Like a fraternity

45
Q

Egoistic relevant deprivation

A

When you compare yourself as an individual to other individuals

46
Q

Kanin

A

Looked at date rapists

The mismatch between their needs and their ability to fulfil their needs causes the aggressive acts

47
Q

Support for relative deprivation theory

A

+ Kanin
+ Los Angeles riots 1992
+ Police ballot on striking in 2008 over inequality of pay
- Plenty of examples where there is inequality and no aggressive action

48
Q

Harlow (agression)

A

Case study of Phineas Gage
Gage was a foreman of a work gang working o building new rail lines
Had a tamping iron go through the left side of his head, through jaw, behind left eye and out through top of his head
Survived 11 years after injury
Unable to stay in a job afterwards and became aggressive

49
Q

Simbu tribal people

A

Looked at by Brown

Aggression and warfare part of their culture

50
Q

Arapesh tribe

A

Mead
Found they showed aggressive acts, but not at others
Children stopped from fighting with each other
Only allowed to harm themselves or their property if they must

51
Q

Potegal

A

Hamsters have more active neurones in and around medial nucleus of the amygdala during acts of aggression
No other areas stimulated

52
Q

Los Angeles riots

A

1992
6 days of rioting
Occur when 4 mostly white police officers where acquitted of assault and excessive force on an African-American man named Rodney King
There was videotape evidence of them doing so

53
Q

Who found opposing results to Berkowitz and LePage?

A

Anderson and Anderson

Miller et al

Psychology 2a (3 decks)

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