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Psychology 2a > Biological rhythms > Flashcards

Biological rhythms Flashcards

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0
Q

Cataplexy

A

Sudden unexpected loss of muscle tone
Don’t lose consciousness
Can be brought in by emotional arousal
During REM sleep this happen, straight into REM sleep causes this

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1
Q

Major symptoms of narcolepsy

A

Extreme daytime sleepiness
Cataplexy
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Sleep paralysis

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2
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

Dreamlike experiences occurring during wakefulness
Especially during the transitional period of sleeping and waking
Dreams happen during REM, so straight into REM causes this

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3
Q

What percentage of narcolepsy sufferers show all symptoms

A

50%

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4
Q

Lin et al

A

Gene defect on chromosome 12 in dogs responsible for narcolepsy
Important for regulating brain receptors for orexin

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5
Q

Orexin

A

Neurochemical

Proposed that lack of this or its receptors causes narcolepsy

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6
Q

Thannickal et al

A

Found a reduced amount of orexin-producing cells in the hypothalamus in people suffering from narcolepsy

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7
Q

Wickens

A

Injecting orexin into the areas of brain involved with sleep increases levels of REM sleep
Suggests orexin is involved in the control of REM sleep

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8
Q

Types of insomnia

A

Primary

Secondary

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9
Q

Overeen

A

MZ have higher concordance than DZ of narcolepsy
Only around 30%
Suggests that not entirely inherited

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10
Q

Secondary insomnia

A

Chronic

Can be explained by pre-existing psychological or physical conditions

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11
Q

Primary insomnia

A

Chronic

No obvious cause

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12
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulties sleeping

Effects quality and length of sleep

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13
Q

Explanations of secondary insomnia

A

Anxiety
Stress
Drugs
CBT

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15
Q

Explanations of secondary insomnia (studies)

A

Morin et al

Gregory et al

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16
Q

Morin et al

A

Around 40% of patients with secondary insomnia had an associated psychological disorder

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16
Q

Evaluating Gregory et al

A

New Zealand - culture bias
High control of socio-economic status and health - can’t generalise results widely
Correlational
Correlation was only 15% (possible experimenter bias, due to length of study)
Questionnaires - self report, can be influenced by social desirability bias
Harm to participants - parents get blame

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17
Q

Gregory et al

A

Longitudinal study over more than 30 years
New Zealand
Used questionnaires to assess family conflict
Found that family conflict between ages of 9-15 correlated with onset of insomnia at 18
Supports hypothesis of anxiety as a cause of insomnia

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18
Q

Side effects of nitrazepam

A

Dependency - when you stop symptoms of insomnia return

Disrupts REM sleep

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19
Q

Use of drugs in treating secondary insomnia

A

Nitrazepam - antidepressant/sleeping pill

As it treats depression and helps sleep it suggests it is a cause of secondary insomnia

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20
Q

Neuroticism and insomnia

A

Those who have high levels of anxiety and arousal characterised by neuroticism more likely to suffer from insomnia
Heath - twin study showing link between sleep disorders and neuroticism

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21
Q

CBT in treating secondary insomnia

A

Used to challenge faulty cognitions about sleep like you need 7-8 hours sleep to function properly
Tries to reduce stress caused by the faulty cognitions

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22
Q

Narcolepsy treatment

A

We know that we need to control orexin levels
No drugs available yet that work effectively
May be more factors to consider

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23
Q

What chromosome is at fault in narcolepsy and how?

A

Chromosome 12
Regulates production of brain receptors for orexin
Orexin regulates sleep, so not being able to work causes narcolepsy

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25
Q

Why is research into narcolepsy conflicting?

A

Lin and Thannickal found that low levels of orexin causes narcolepsy (straight into REM sleep)
Wickens found that injecting orexin into areas to do with sleep causes REM sleep

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25
Q

Types of sleep apnoea

A

Obstructive sleep apnoea

Central sleep apnoea

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26
Q

Sleep apnoea

A

Episodes of being unable to breath while sleeping
Can happen without knowing
Affect sleep quality, having knock on affect for the next day

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27
Q

Obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Airways to lungs blocked, by enlargement of tissue or tonsils, or restriction of airways
Highly correlated with obesity

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28
Q

How many episodes of sleep apnoea need to occur a night to be classified as sleep apnoea?

A

5

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29
Q

Treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea

A

Lose weight
Operation to widen airways
CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure

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30
Q

Central sleep apnoea

A

Linked with heart disorders and cerebrovascular disease

Probably represents malfunctions in brains control of cardiac and respiratory function

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32
Q

Treatments for central sleep apnoea

A

Drugs that deal with cardiac and cerebrovascular disease seem to have a knock on effect

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33
Q

3 types of rhythm

A

Circadian
Ultradian
Infradian

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34
Q

Circadian

A

One cycle lasts 24 hours

Things like sleep wake cycle

35
Q

Ultradian

A

Lots of cycles during 24 hours

Things like stages of sleep

36
Q

Infradian

A

Each cycle lasts longer than 24 hours
Menstrual cycle
Hibernation

37
Q

What controls our rhythms and what controls them

A 
Endogenous pacemakers (body clocks)
Exogenous zeitgebers (environmental cues)
38
Q

Stephan and Zucker

A

Damaged SCN in rats
Found that those with damaged SCNs no longer followed circadian rhythms of drinking and activity
Concluded that the SCN is a major pacemaker in controlling circadian rhythms

39
Q

Two main structures in the brain that control circadian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Pineal gland

40
Q

Problems with Stephan and Zucker’s study

A

Most rats died during operation - could be the trauma of the operation that had effects. Later use of controlled lesions confirmed results though
Unethical - death of rats
Use of non-human animals - hard to generalise to humans

41
Q

Zucker et al

A

Similar effects of SCN destruction in ground squirrels

42
Q

Rusak and Zucker

A

Circadial rhythm of testosterone secretion in hamsters eliminated by SCN damage

43
Q

Abraham et al

A

Injections of melatonin caused sparrows to fall asleep

44
Q

Role of SCN and pineal gland

A

SCN has direct pathway to pineal gland

SCN regulates pineal glands release of melatonin

45
Q

Effects of melatonin

A

Range of effects
Main one being control of sleep/wake behaviour
Melatonin induces sleep

46
Q

Siffre

A

Spent 6 months underground in Texas
Phoned to turn light off - whenever he wanted
On his own
Sleep/wake cycle extended to between 25-32 hours
Body temperature cycle extended to about 25 hours
Biological rhythms became free running
Where temperature and sleep/wake were different it suggests there are at least two independant endogenous pacemakers

47
Q

Issues with Siffre’s work

A

Single study
Ethical - started having suicidal thoughts by 80 days in
Artificial light

48
Q

Kleitman

A

Supported Siffre’s findings
Students in an underground bunker in similar conditions to Siffre
Sleep/waking cycle extended to around 25-27 hours

49
Q

Russel et al

A

Found that if sweat from one women was rubbed on the lips of another eventually their menstrual cycles would come in line

50
Q

Traditional shift work

A

24 hours divided into 3 lots of 8 hours
4pm-midnight, 8am-4pm, midnight-8am
Rotate backwards every week or so

51
Q

Czeisler et al

A

Utah chemical plant
Introduced forward rotation to shift work
Workers on each shift for 21 days
Allowed body clocks to adjust properly
After 9 months workers reported feeling less stressed with less sleeping difficulties

52
Q

Gordon et al

A 
Philadelphia police officers
Moved from backwards to 18 days forward rotation
30% less sleeping on the job
40% less accidents on the job
Officers reported being less stressed
53
Q

Other approaches for coping with shift work

A

Permanent non-rotating shift work
Planned napping
Improved sleep during the day
Rapid rotation

54
Q

Jet lag

A

Going to different time zones messes up our endogenous pacemakers with information from the environment that doesn’t match what your body feels

55
Q

Which is the worst way to fly and why?

A

West to East (phase advance) - biological rhythms have to advance to catch up

56
Q

Flying East to West

A

Phase advance

Rhythms need to be delayed to catch up

57
Q

Recht

A

Study over 3 years of American baseball teams
America has 4 time zones
Teams flying East to West won 44% of games
Teams flying West to East won 37% of games
Suggests that phase delay is easiest to recover from

58
Q

Factors that affect jet lag

A

Direction of travel
Number of time zones crossed
Age (Sack et al - effects decrease with age)
Individual differences - some people phase tolerant

59
Q

Evolutionary explanation of sleep

A

It provides an evolutionary advantage

60
Q

Factors that affect sleep (evolutionary)

A

Sleep site (exposed or safe)
Size of animal
Predator or prey
Environment (dolphins)

61
Q

Meddis

A

Predatory-prey status

Proposed that sleep keeps vulnerable prey animals safe when predators are most active

62
Q

Webb (evolutionary)

A

Hibernation theory
Sleep is a time for conserve energy resources
Animals with a higher metabolic rate (normally small ones) will sleep more

63
Q

Allison and Cicchetti

A

Studied sleep in 39 animal species
Found that prey animals sleep significantly less than predators
Suggests its a dangerous time for them
Goes against Meddis

64
Q

Lesku et al (study)

A

Analysed sleep patterns of 54 animals looking at variables like:
Body mass
Brain mass
BMR
Sleep exposure index - How safe an animals sleep site is
Trophic position - Herbivore or carnivore

65
Q

Lesku et al results

A

Body mass - Positively correlated with REM sleep
BMR - negaively correlated with NREM (contradicts earlier research)
Sleep exposure index - negatively correlated with REM, more dangerous, less REM sleep
Trophic position - Herbivores had less REM and total sleep time

66
Q

Berger and Philips

A

BMR is positively correlated with sleep time

Many others support this

67
Q

Why is the evolutionary explanation of sleep not reductionist?

A

It tries to explain sleep in terms of the whole animal and it’s environment

68
Q

Oswald

A

Put forward a restoration theory of sleep
His theory says that REM is for brain, NREM is for body restoration
Argued that sleep deprivation should have a function on brain function and behaviour

69
Q

Research to use with Oswald’s theory

A 
Shapiro - supporting
Horne and Minard - not supporting
Dement (Randy Gardener) - supporting
Fatal fimiliar insomnia - supporting
Rats die after about 19 days without sleep (could be due to shock of methods to keep awake) -supporting
70
Q

Shapiro

A

Found that marathon runners spent more time sleep and more time in NREM after a race
Supports Oswald

71
Q

Horne and Minard

A

Found that after intense exercise people fell asleep more quickly, but not for longer

72
Q

What did Oswald base his theory ?

A

Noticed that those recovering from drug overdoses which cause trauma to the brain pend more time in REM sleep
Human skin cells grow more quickly during sleep - linked with heightened release of growth hormone during deep NREM

73
Q

Horne

A

Restoration theory of sleep
REM and deep NREM are essential for brain functioning and is when brain repairs itself
Light NREM seems to have no function - calls it optional sleep
Suggests body restoration occurs during ‘relaxed wakefulness’ during day rather than during sleep

74
Q

Why is it unlikely that body restoration happens during sleep?

A

Require nutrients

By the time we are asleep these aren’t available from the last meal in the blood supply

75
Q

Dement

A

Looked at Randy Gardener (stayed away for 11 days)
Developed blurred vision, disorganised speech and became mildly paranoid
Slept for 15 hours afterwards 1st night
Recovered 2/3 of lost deep NREM and 1/2 REM sleep lost during 11 days

76
Q

Main issue with Horne’s theory

A

Based on lab work

77
Q

Horne and Pettitt

A

3 groups
1) Sleep deprived for 72 hours, no incentive
2) Sleep deprived for 72 hours, financial incentive
3) Not sleep deprived, no incentive
Auditory vigilance task, respond when they heard the shorter than usual tone
Group 2 performed just as well as 3
Group 1 did significantly worse
Concluded that motivation of reward can overcome sleep deprivation

78
Q

Core sleep

A

What Horne called REM and deep NREM

79
Q

Stern and Morgane

A

Suggested that function of REM is linked to synthesis of neurotransmitters
These gut used during the day

80
Q

How to apply Stern and Morgane’s study

A

Antidepressants increase levels of neurotransmitters like adrenaline and serotonin
Those on antidepressants show a reduction of REM sleep
This is because REM is not as necessary since the neurotransmitters are already there

81
Q

Ohayon et al

A

Meta review using 65 studies of sleeping patterns between 5-102. Found some trends:
Sleep time 470 minutes (5) down to 370 minutes (70)
Stage 1 NREM 5.8% (5) to 6.8% (70)
Stage 2 NREM 47% (5) to 55% (70)
Deep NREM 24% (5) to 9% (70)
REM 25% (5) to 19% (70)

82
Q

Studies to use for narcolepsy

A

Thannickal et al
Overeen
Lin et al
Wickens

83
Q

Difference between stress and axiety

A

Stress is the reaction to everyday hassles

Anxiety is when a person is scare/apprehensive of what lies ahead for them

84
Q

Sacked al

A

Disruption of sleep leads to a reduced immune system efficiency
Could explain high levels of illness among shift workers

Psychology 2a (3 decks)

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