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Mine Envi > Agreements & Treaties > Flashcards

Agreements & Treaties Flashcards

1
Q

an international environmental treaty established to combat climate change and its impacts.

A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

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2
Q

It is a landmark international treaty under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), designed to combat climate change by setting legally binding targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

A

The Kyoto Protocol

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3
Q

This approach follows the notion of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.”

A

The Kyoto Protocol

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4
Q

The primary objective of this international treaty is to achieve an average reduction of GHG emissions by approximately 5% below 1990 levels during the first commitment period (2008-2012).

A

The Kyoto Protocol

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5
Q

Allows countries with surplus emissions
reductions to trade credits with other nations.

A

International Emissions Trading (IET)

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6
Q

Enables developed countries to invest in emission reduction projects in developing nations to earn credits.

A

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

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7
Q

Permits Annex I countries to undertake emission reduction projects in other Annex I countries to meet their targets.

A

Joint Implementation (JI)

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8
Q

COP means?

A

Conference of the Parties

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9
Q

adopted on December 8, 2012, during the 18th Conference of the Parties (COP18) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Doha, Qatar, represents a pivotal extension of the Kyoto Protocol.

A

The Doha Amendment

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10
Q

The Doha Amendment introduced a second commitment period spanning from January 1,
2013, to December 31, 2020. During this period, participating Annex I countries committed
to reducing their overall GHG emissions by at least _____ below 1990 levels.

A

18%

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11
Q

adopted on December 12, 2015, during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) in Paris, France, is a landmark international treaty designed to address climate change.

A

The Paris Agreement

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12
Q

This agreement aims to limit global temperature rise and enhance global efforts to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. It represents a turning point in global climate governance by involving both developed and developing nations in a unified
framework for action.

A

The Paris Agreement

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13
Q

The Paris Agreement establishes a long-term vision for global climate action. Its primary objectives include keeping the increase in global average temperature well below ____ above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit it to ____.

A

2°C, 1.5°C.

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14
Q

Developed countries are expected to provide financial support to developing nations to facilitate mitigation and adaptation efforts, with a goal of mobilizing ______ annually by 2020.

A

$100 billion

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15
Q

are the central mechanism of the Paris Agreement, representing each country’s individual commitment to combat climate change. These contributions outline national plans and targets for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapting to climate impacts.

A

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

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16
Q

It recognizes that climate change poses a serious threat to the planet and humanity, and aims to strengthen global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance resilience to climate-related challenges, as well as to limit the increase in global mean temperature to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels

A

SDG 13: Climate Action

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17
Q

an international treaty established under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. It was signed on September 16, 1987, and came into force on January 1, 1989. It aims to phase out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS), such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
halons, and carbon tetrachloride.

A

The Montreal Protocol

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18
Q

The implementation of the Montreal Protocol has led to a significant decline in ODS concentrations, with the ozone layer showing signs of recovery. The ________ estimates that the ozone layer could return to pre
1980 levels by mid-century.

A

United Nations Environment Programme

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19
Q

Aims to reduce the consumption and production of HFCs, thereby limiting their contribution to global warming and supporting the goals of the Paris Agreement.

A

The Kigali Amendment

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20
Q

was adopted on October 15, 2016, in Kigali, Rwanda, and entered into force on January 1, 2019.

A

The Kigali Amendment

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21
Q

According to Kigali Amendment, by 2047, HFC use is expected to be cut by over ___ from baseline levels.

A

80%

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22
Q

Full implementation of the Kigali Amendment could avoid up to ____ of global warming by ____ , a significant contribution to the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting temperature rise to 1.5°C.

A

0.5°C, 2100

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23
Q

are a tradable financial instrument that represents the reduction, avoidance, or removal of one metric ton of CO₂ or its equivalent from the atmosphere. These credits act as a key tool in carbon markets, enabling organizations and governments to offset emissions they cannot directly eliminate.

A

Carbon credits

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24
Q

is the buying and selling of carbon credits, enabling organizations to meet emission reduction targets cost-effectively. It operates under market-based systems that incentivize emission reductions by placing a price on carbon.

A

Carbon Trading

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25
Q

Governments establish an emissions cap, distributing allowances to entities. Companies that reduce emissions below their allowance can sell surplus credits to others.

A

Cap-and-Trade System

26
Q

Entities can purchase credits generated by emission reduction projects worldwide, such as renewable energy installations or forest conservation efforts.

A

Offset Markets

27
Q

The largest carbon trading market, covering power generation, industry, and aviation sectors.

A

European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS)

28
Q

A cap-and-trade program in the northeastern United States focusing on the power sector.

A

Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI)

29
Q

Launched in 2021, it is the world’s largest system by coverage, initially targeting the power sector.

A

China’s National ETS

30
Q

the process of quantifying, reporting, and managing GHG emissions associated with an organization’s activities. It provides a foundation for measuring progress toward emission reduction targets and assessing compliance with climate policies.

A

Carbon accounting

31
Q

Direct emissions from owned or controlled sources, such as company vehicles or boilers.

A

Scope 1

32
Q

Indirect emissions from purchased energy, including electricity and heat.

A

Scope 2

33
Q

All other indirect emissions, such as supply chain activities, product use, and employee travel.

A

Scope 3

34
Q

The most widely used framework for carbon accounting.

A

Greenhouse Gas Protocol

35
Q

Provides international standards for quantifying and reporting GHG emissions.

A

ISO 14064

36
Q

Encourages transparent reporting of climate-related risks and opportunities.

A

Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD)

37
Q

involves capturing and storing CO₂ to reduce its concentration in the atmosphere. It plays a critical role in offsetting emissions that are challenging to eliminate entirely, contributing to net-zero targets.

A

Carbon sequestration

38
Q

around ____ of the CO2 emitted by humans remains in the atmosphere, which is a significant factor behind global warming.

A

45%

39
Q

happens when CO2 is stored in the natural
environment. This includes what are known as ‘carbon sinks’, such as forests, grasslands, soil, oceans and other bodies of water. This is also known as an
‘indirect’ or passive form of sequestration.

A

Biological carbon sequestration

40
Q

_________ & ________ are considered one of the best forms of natural carbon sequestration. CO2
binds to plants during photosynthesis, exchanging it for oxygen as a purifying emission.

A

Forests and woodlands

41
Q

On average, forests store twice as much carbon as they emit, while an estimated ____ of global CO2 emissions are sequestered alongside forests in other vegetative forms, such as grasslands or rangelands

A

25%

42
Q

Through bogs, peat and swamps, CO2 can be captured and stored as carbonates. These carbonates build up over thousands of years as CO2 mixes with other mineral elements, such as calcium or magnesium. Eventually, CO2 is released from the earth, but not for a very long time – after more than 70,000
years in some cases.

A

Soil

43
Q

Aquatic environments and large bodies of water are also great absorbers of CO2. They absorb another estimated 25% of emitted CO2 from the earth’s atmosphere. This carbon is mostly held in the upper layers of the oceans. Too much, however, can acidify the water, posing a threat to the biodiversity that exists below – yet another reason to decarbonise our atmosphere.

A

Oceans

44
Q

happens when CO2 is stored in places such as
underground geological formations or rocks. This process is largely artificial or ‘direct’, representing an effective way of neutralising emissions put into human
practices, such as manufacturing or construction.

A

Geological carbon sequestration

45
Q

The production of graphene requires CO2 as a raw material. Although limited to certain industries, it’s used heavily in the production of the tech devices we use on a day-to-day basis, such smartphones or computer processors.

A

Graphene production

46
Q

A fairly new science, scientists can change the shape of molecules to form new compounds by capturing CO2
from the air. In practice, this could present an efficient way of creating raw materials while reducing atmospheric carbon.

A

Engineered molecules

47
Q

It involves capturing CO2 that’s been produced by power generation or industrial activity, such as cement or steel making. This CO2 is then compressed
and transported to deep underground facilities, where it’s injected into rock formations for permanent storage.

A

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

48
Q

In the widest use today, this technology collects smokestack emissions, called flue gases, before they can be released into the air.

A

Post-combustion carbon capture

49
Q

This process removes carbon dioxide from the
fuel source before it has been fully burned.

A

Pre-combustion capture

50
Q

In this form of capture, fuel is burned in an atmosphere of nearly pure oxygen, rather than ordinary air, which produces a highly concentrated form of carbon dioxide that is easier to collect.

A

Oxy-fuel combustion capture

51
Q

attempts to pull carbon dioxide out of the air wherever it may be found. To do that, giant fans suck air into a device called a collector, where the carbon dioxide is then separated out through means similar to post-combustion capture. This technique is largely still in the experimental stage as of 2024.

A

Direct air capture (DAC)

52
Q

UNFCCC was adopted at the ______ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on May 9, 1992, and came into force on March 21, 1994.

A

Earth Summit

53
Q

It is a tradable “rights” or certificates linked to activities that lower the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. By buying these certificates, a person or group can fund projects that fight climate change, instead of taking actions to lower their own carbon emissions.

A

Carbon offsets

54
Q

CFCs, or Chlorofluorocarbons, are commonly referred to as ______, a trademark name originally used by DuPont for a range of refrigerants.

A

Freons

55
Q

A scientific body established by the United Nations to provide governments, policymakers, and the public with comprehensive, up-to-date information about climate change, its impacts, and potential strategies for mitigation and adaptation.

A

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

56
Q

Implementation of the Paris Agreement requires economic and social transformation, based on the best available science. What is the timeline on which countries under the Paris Agreement are expected to enhance their climate action commitments?

A

five-year cycle

57
Q

_____ also known as the 2024 UNCCC, was held in Baku, Azerbaijan. The summit focused on advancing climate action, with key discussions around operationalizing the Loss and Damage Fund, enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), and urging global cooperation to cap warming at 1.5°C.

A

COP 29

58
Q

Which city hosted the first-ever COP meeting in 1995?

A

Berlin, Germany

59
Q

What major financial mechanism was launched at COP16 in Cancun, Mexico, to assist developing nations with climate finance?

A

Green Climate Fund

60
Q

Which greenhouse gas is more potent than CO₂ but less abundant?

A

Methane

Mine Envi (7 decks)

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