Agrarian Reform Flashcards
refers to the full range of measures that may or should be taken to improve or remedy that defects in the relations among men (e.g. Between the tiller and owner of the land, employee and employer in a farm) with respect to their rights in land.
Land reform
The term has also been defined as an integrated set of measures designed to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development arising out of defects in the agrarian structure. Land reform thus involves the “transformation of agrarian structure.”
Land reform
implies the existence of a defect that something is deformed or malformed and does not suit existing conditions
Reform
In the strict sense, ‘______ can be said to refer to a change in the legal or customary institution of property rights and duties, which define the rights of those who own or use agricultural land.
Land reform
involves the restructuring of tenure, production and support services structures.
Agrarian reform
The Nature of Land Distribution in the Philippines
► Pre-colonial Patterns
► Spanish Period
► American Period
► Post War Period
► Friar Lands
► Rice and Corn Lands
► All Public and Private Lands
Agrarian unrest
EARLY CAUSES OF AGRARIAN UNREST (Social and Economic Factors)
Post First World War Financial Crisis
Typhoons and Drought
General Improvement of Quality of Life – Cash needed
Breakdown of the “Kasama System”
Socialism/Hukbalahap
Land was not unequally distributed before the Spaniards came to the Philippines.
The notion of private property was unknown then.
The community (barangay) owned the land.
Spanish era
One of the major initial policies of the governorship of Legazpi was to recognize all lands in the Philippines as part of public domain regardless of local customs.
As such, the crown was at liberty to parcel out huge tracts of Philippine lands as rewards to loyal civilian and military as rewards.
Spanish era 1565-1898
Private ownership of land was introduced.
With this arrangement, every municipal resident was given his choice of the land for cultivation, free from tax.
Large tracts of uncultivated lands not circumscribed within a given municipality were granted by the Spanish monarch to deserving Spaniards.
Encomienda
were granted to favor Spanish officials and clerics who were entrusted the responsibility to look after the spiritual and temporal developments of the natives in a colonized territory.
encomienda
landed class
caciques
Much later, in place of the encomiendas, the Spanish authorities began to group together several barangays into administration units.
They termed these units as _____ which were governed by gobernadorcillos.
pueblos or municipios
_____ as an institution became deeply rooted in Philippine soil. This paved the way to many present-day agrarian problems and unrests.
Caciquism
These decrees ordered the caciques and natives, to secure legal title for their lands or suffer forfeiture.
: decreto realenga (1880) and the Maura Law (1894)
deprived many Filipino peasants of their own lands through scheming and treacherous ways of both Spaniards and caciques.
Royal Decree of 1894 (Maura Law)
Other strategies of dispossessing peasants of their landholdings were:
Outright purchase at a low price of real estates ( realenga ) by a Spaniard or a cacique, from a badly-in-need peasants.
Mortgage system (pacto de retroventa); this is equivalent of today’s mortgage system (sangla).
Tenants
Inquilinos
After the first Philippine Republic was established in 1899, the government of Emilio Aguinaldo declared its intention to confiscate large estates, esp. the friar lands.
The Philippine revolutionary government
American regime
Despite the apparent desire of the American government to improve the land-tenure situation of the country, the following land laws and policies did not help in any way:
Treaty of Paris of 1898 Land Registration Act of 1902 Public Land Act of 1903 Friar Lands Act of 1904 Cadastral Act of 1913
The ____ ended the Spanish-American War, and Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to America.
Treaty of Paris
