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PT 620 Foundations 2 > Aging > Flashcards

Aging Flashcards

1
Q

how does the increased aging population impact the healthcare system

A
  • increased costs
  • increased hospitalizations
  • increased demand for healthcare (esp with a shortage)
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2
Q

what is functional aging

A
  • impacts daily life (changes we see)
  • cognitive functioning, physical function, mood, mental health
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3
Q

what is phenotypic aging

A
  • phenotypes that cause change
  • body composition, energetics, homeostatic mechanisms, brain health
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4
Q

what is biological aging

A
  • root mechanisms to aging, changes on the cellular level
  • molecular damage, defective repair, energy exhaustion, signal/noise reduction
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5
Q

when does aging begin

A

conception

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6
Q

what is chronological age

A

the amount of time that has passed from birth to a certain date (ex: 21 y/o)

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7
Q

what is biological/physiological age

A

suggests that aging occurs as you sustain damage to various cells/tissues in the body
- takes into account lifestyle, genetics, nutrition, disease

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8
Q

list the common characteristics associated with aging

A
  • sarcopenia
  • cachexia
  • hormonal influences
  • changes in body mass (increased fat mass, decreased muscle mass)
  • increased CO2, decreased O2
  • weaker diaphragm (impacts breathing)
  • decreased RMR
  • decreased ability to return to pre-stress state after physiological stresses
  • decreased ability to adapt/respond to environmental changes
  • changes in state of homeostasis
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9
Q

changes in connective tissue with aging

A

(-) max tensile strength and elasticity of all connective tissues
(-) rate of adaptation to mechanical stress in chondroitin sulfate
(+) cartilage dehydration and stiffening in hyaluronic acid
(-) lubrication of joints

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10
Q

rehab implications for connective tissue changes with age

A

tendency for overuse injuries, fatigue failure, tears with stretching

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11
Q

changes in cartilage associated with age

A

(-) hydration
Degeneration associated with excessive loading and breakdown of collagen network
Endochondral ossification (bone spurs)

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12
Q

rehab implications for cartilage changes associated with age

A
  • loading responses
  • WB pain
  • creeks and cracking
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13
Q

changes in muscle associated with age

A
  • sarcopenia
  • atrophy
  • decrease Type II (fast) and Type I (slow) twitch fibers (Type II > I)
    (-) muscle mass
    (-) alpha motor neurons
    (-) number of motor units
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14
Q

rehab implications associated with muscle changes due to age

A

decrease in overall power and strength

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15
Q

what effects does strength training have on older adults

A
  • increased muscle strength
  • increased muscle mass
  • improve recruitment of motor units
  • reduced sarcopenia
  • improved retention of motor function
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16
Q

changes in skeletal system associated with aging

A

(-) calcium
(-) vitamin D
(-) RBC production

17
Q

rehab implications for skeletal changes associated with aging

A

(-) bone strength
increased risk osteoporosis and Fx
postural changes

18
Q

central neurological changes with aging

A

(-) brain mass
(-) neurotransmitters
(-) impulse conduction and synaptic transmission
(-) myeline sheath and large myelinated fibers
(-) cerebral blood flow
Decline in number and function of CNS cells
Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles develop (makes it harder for impulses to travel in brain)

19
Q

what percentage does the brain mass decrease by by age 80

A

6-7%

20
Q

peripheral neurological changes with aging

A

(-) N cells (slower reaction time)
(-) peripheral blood flow to N
peripheral neuropathy

21
Q

rehab implications for peripheral neurological changes with aging

A
  • sensory deficits
  • risk of falls
22
Q

vestibular changes related to age

A
  • prebycusis
  • tinnitus
23
Q

prebycusis

A

age related hearing loss

24
Q

presbyopia

A

age related vision loss

25
Q

visual changes related to age

A

(-) muscle tone
(-) visual acuity (sharpness) and presbyopia
(-) vision in low light and ability to changes in light

26
Q

taste and smell changes related to age

A
  • 80% of tastebuds atrophy
    (-) saliva
    (-) olfactory
27
Q

damage to optic N and leads to loss of peripheral vision

A

glaucoma

28
Q

cloudiness over eyes

A

cataracts

29
Q

proprioception/kinesthesia changes related to age

A

decreased position and movement sense

30
Q

touch changes related to age

A

(-) receptors and N cells
(-) sensitivity to heat and cold modalities

31
Q

cardiovascular changes with aging

A

Changes in cardiac muscle and electrolytes
(-) in CV system response to stress
(-) max HR
(-) diastolic filling time and ventricular compliance
Take less blood into the heart so cannot pump out as much blood
(+) peripheral resistance and SBP
(-) chest wall expansion and decreased lung elastic recoil
Cannot take deep breaths
(+) rib calcification

32
Q

rehab implications for cardiovascular changes with age

A
  • HTN which leads to changes in cardiac workload at baseline
    (-) endurance
    rib mobility = breath excursions
33
Q

pulmonary changes associated with age

A

(-) diaphragm, intercostals and abdominal muscles
(-) vital capacity
(-) lung cilia
(+) residual volume

34
Q

rehab implications for pulmonary changes associated with age

A

-changes in spinal curvature (chest wall cannot expand –> kyphosis)
(-) respiration

35
Q

homeostatic changes associated with aging

A

Hypothalamic thermostat deterioration
Hormonal changes
(-) sweat glands (in size and number)
(-) ANS response
(-) vasomotor system response
(-) blood flow to the brain
(+) basal metabolic rate

36
Q

integumentary changes associated with aging

A
  • dermal thinning
    (-) elasticity
    (-) vascularity
    (+) risk for skin cancer

PT 620 Foundations 2 (9 decks)

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