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MT 364 > Aging > Flashcards

Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘getting old’/aging mean (3 points)

A
  1. Aging is the the normal progressive decline in function & ability to respond to stimuli
  2. decreasing function -> loss of viltaity of cells, tissues and organs funct. less efficiently
  3. decr. capacity in homeostatic control mechanism response to internal (inflammation) & external (infection, surgery) stimuli & accelerated environmental stresses; increased susceptibility to diseases
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2
Q

Theories of developmental changes of aging: Molecular-DNA repair

A

Theory #1: repair system failure: decline in the ability of cells to repair the damaged DNA in cells; genes can’t regulate other processes

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3
Q 
Theories of developmental changes of aging: Cellular-
Cell senescence (programmed)
A

Cells wear out from repeated use

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4
Q

Theories of developmental changes of aging: Cellular-

free radicals

A

Organs become less efficient over time due to normal product of metabolism, 02 which oxidizes and damge protein molecules over time.

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5
Q

Theories of developmental changes of aging: connective tissue stiffening

A

Aging increases collagen cross-linking; connective tissues, the most common tissue in a body made of collagen and elastin becomes more rigid & stiff

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6
Q 
Integumentary system (skin):
Increase the risk of skin tearing, why? 2 reasons
A
  1. decrease fibroblast in the skin (most common type of cell in connective tissue)
  2. decrease elastin; less elastic
    * watch out for sharp edges
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7
Q 
Integumentary system (skin):
Less bone protection, why
A

decrease fat under the skin,

*feel colder

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8
Q 
Integumentary system (skin):
can't regulate temperature as well e.g through sweating, why
A

decrease activity of oil/sweat glands; drier skin

*can’t feel the need for water

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9
Q

Musculoskeletal systems (skeletal muscle):
muscle mass

A

Atrophy (the shrinkage of the cell); decrease muscle mass-> deacreas motoe neuroms what synapse wirh muscle fibre; decrease muscle strength

  • play instrum. over a table
  • can be increased w/ diet & exercise
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10
Q 
Musculoskeletal systems (bones):
Why more prone to fracture?
A

After age 40, estrogen depletion -> decreased calcium absorption->more porous, brittle bones-> decrease bone density

  • women lose more
  • mindful of what & how they play instruments
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11
Q 
Musculoskeletal systems (joints):
What happens to the joints in aging? (2points)
A
  1. increase fibrosis = More rigid collagen->decrease the flexibility of joints->cartilage wears down
  2. decrease lubricating fluid; joints are stiff, more difficult/painful to move
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12
Q

What happens in the respiratory system when aging? (4 points)

A
  1. Increase stiffness in thoracic walls, which increase susceptibility to infection
  2. decrease lung tissue elasticity -> decrease in max. oxygen uptake-> shortness of breath on exertion
  3. decrease the activity of the cilia ->less effective cough reflex->risk aspiration (choking)
  4. decrease respiratory muscle strength; less strong cough
    * can’t sing/dance too long, don’t eat while singing
    * move to the limit, don’t overtax
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13
Q

Cardio-vascular system (heart): Why does the cardiac muscle and pumping of the heart become slightly weaker? (2 points)

A
  1. weaker pumping; caused by Increase fibrosis (rigid collagen) & atrophy (shrinkage of cells) of heart muscle fibers
  2. decrease heart rate & exercise tolerance; caused by decrease responsiveness to symp. ns.; -> Results in decreased blood & O2 to muscles and other tissues -> Risk postural hypotension due to decrease baroreceptors to control blood pressure
    * needs more regular rest, look for signs of panting
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14
Q

Cardio-vascular system (blood vessels): why is it normal for blood pressure to increase somewhat with age?

A
  1. Atherosclerosis: bl. vessel stiffen by more rigid collagen & bl. vessel walls thickened by fibrosis/calcium/fatty deposits; increase resistance to bl. flow from the heart; increase cardiac work
    * lifestyle choices, decreased fat increased exercise, maintain C-V system
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15
Q

brain; Nervous system (principal regulatory system of the body) (2 points)

A
  1. mass shrinks 10% by 80 y/o from cell atrophy

2. decrease bl. flow to the brain; slightly increased time to learn new/complex info

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16
Q

neurons; Nervous system (principal regulatory system of the body)

A

decreased number of neurons; modest decrease in S.T.M (short term memory), balance & gait changes

17
Q

axons; Nervous system (principal regulatory system of the body)

A

lose a significant amount of myelin sheath; 10% decrease in nerve impulse conduction velocity; maybe responsible for slowed reaction time &, decrease & slower reflecxes & coordinatino

18
Q

neurotransmitters; Nervous system (principal regulatory system of the body)

A

decrease in dopamine; declines in cogn. & motor

19
Q

dendrites; Nervous system (principal regulatory system of the body)

A

connections in nerves get impaired due to decrease in dendrites; less synapse with declining neurotransmitter signals

20
Q

neurofibrillary tangles; Nervous system (principal regulatory system of the body)

A

tangled clumps in neurons and beta-amyloid clotlike plagues containing protein-found in all elderly

21
Q

mental processes; Nervous system (principal regulatory system of the body) (3 points)

A
  1. Most do not decline, still intellectually capable
  2. LTM intact, STM loss start after age 60
  3. takes longer to process new/complex info, ex: cope w/ new gadgets
    * brain starts w/ excess neurons, continued new learning some neurons produce new dendrites & new connections (axonal sprouting)
22
Q

Vision; Sensory organs (less efficient in detecting stimuli): (5 points)

A
  1. farsighted -> eye lens less elastic/flexible
  2. lens gradually becomes more opaque (severe=cataracts)
  3. decrease visual acuity & night vision (sharpness) -> rod & cone function *risk of isolation
  4. decrease dept & color sensitivity & increased falls -> ciliary muscle atrophy *need good lighting
  5. dry eyes ->decrease tear production
23
Q

hearing; Sensory organs (less efficient in detecting stimuli): (3 points)

A
  1. hearing loss 40% older than 63
  2. progressive hearing loss, M > F ->loss of auditory neurons *risk of isolation
  3. harder to hear consonants -> selective loss of high frequency
24
Q

sense of taste & smell; Sensory organs (less efficient in detecting stimuli)

A

loss of taste buds, decreased saliva, dry mouth -> loss of olfactory nerve fibres
*risk poor nutrition

25
Q

sense of pain; Sensory organs (less efficient in detecting stimuli)

A

decrease; risk of danger

26
Q

what happens in the reproductive system in ag.? (5 points)

A
  1. both sexes retain the capacity for sexual response
  2. decrease estrogen/progesteron trigger menopause in 40-50 years F, decreased lubrication of vaginal walls
  3. decrease testosterone causes decrease fertility in M
  4. M after 50 takes longer to achieve an erection
  5. over 50% of M have urinary frequency, age-related enlargement of the prostate gland
27
Q

What happens in the immune system? (3 points)

A
  1. Risk infection -> decrease T cells, less active B cells
  2. More risk cancer -> increase DNA errors in cell repair
  3. slower response to anemia & blood loss -> decrease speed production of red blood cells
    * more prone to auto-immune disease
28
Q

what happens in the digestive system? (3 points)

A
  1. decrease appetite & malnutrition -> loss of taste buds & possible loss of teeth
  2. increase transit time & risk constipation -> degeneration of the mucous lining
  3. drugs remain in body longer -> liver’s decreased blood flow, mass, & ability to detoxify
29
Q

Urinary system: what happens to kidneys? (2 points)

A
  1. Risk dehydration & decrease bl. volume -> decrease bl. flow, mass & ability to regulate water balance
  2. affected rate of drug excretion resulting in increase bl. drug levels -> decr. glomerular filtration rate
30
Q

Urinary system: what happens to the bladder?

A

Decr. capacity, incr. residual urine (left in bladder) & freq. of involuntary bladder contractions -> decr. muscle strength

31
Q

Urinary system: what happens to the bowel & bladder (B&B)? (2 points)

A
  1. incr. stiffness, decr. flexibility of muscular walls of large intestine, bladder, urethra (severe=incontinence (lack of urination control)
  2. incontinence: F; predisposed stress incontinence -> pelvic floor muscles laxity (post-partum; loose), M; prostate enlargement
    * losing urine when laughing, sneezing, surprised (loud sounds)
    * plan ahead, pee breaks & reminders
32
Q

What happens in the endocrine system (2nd major regulatory system)? (3 points)

A
  1. risk of decr. responsiveness to insulin & possible decr. glucose tolerance -> decrease metabolic rate
  2. decrease growth hormone -> decrease thyroid
  3. decr. ability tolerate stressors (ex: surgery) -> changed hormone levels
33
Q

what are anatomical changes?

A

progressive I& gradual change sin structure (mass)

34
Q

what are physiological (organ changes)?

A

gradual decr. in organ efficiency/reserve capacity

35
Q

Aging, so what?

A

Function is what matters: depends on: rate of deterioration, coping mechanisms, environmental context, stress vs. normal situation, level of performance needed

MT 364 (7 decks)

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