Aggression & assertion Flashcards
Define assertion.
Well motivated and controlled behaviour that uses necessary physical or verbal force in order to achieve the goal within the rules of the game.
List factors of aggression:
- intent to harm
- intentional
- outside of rules
- out of control
- can disrupt team performance and cohesion
Give factors of assertive behaviour.
- acceptable
- legitimate verbal or physical force
- goal directed
- within the rules of the sport
- controlled and well motivated
- NO intention to harm
Give a typical example of assertion.
A hard fair tackle in rugby.
Give an example of aggression.
A rugby player punching another in the face.
In trying to head a football, a player clashes heads with another player, causing serious injury to his opponent. Aggression or assertion?
Assertion.
A boxer traps his opponent against the ropes and leads with his head into the chin of his opponent. Aggression or assertion?
Aggression.
List some causes of aggression?
- playing badly
- losing
- over-arousal
- belief it’s ok
- media & coach pressure
- crowd & venue
What are the 4 theories of aggression?
- Instinct
- Social learning
- Frustration aggression hypothesis
- Aggression cue hypothesis
Who was the instinct theory created by?
Freud.
Who was the social learning theory created by?
Bandura.
Who was the frustration aggression hypothesis created by?
Dollard
Who was the aggression cue hypothesis created by?
Berkowitz
Explain the instinct theory.
- Genetically inherited
- Aggression is instinctive in all humans, a survival response?
- Claimed humans retain some of ritualistic animal aggressive instincts that will surface under threat (e.g. invasion).
Give an example of the instinct theory.
An American football player tackles another player high on purpose. Once aggressive, always aggressive.
What is catharsis?
The letting off of steam/cleansing of emotions. Explains why older men play rugby for a bad team on the weekend.
What are the criticisms of the instinct theory?
- No innate aggressive drive has been found
- Measuring cathartic effect is difficult
- Sian (1985) argues that not all humans are aggressive
- Human aggression is seen as reactive and modifiable.
- Lorenz does not take into account socialising influences
- Aggression can be seen as a learned response.
Define aggression.
Any form of behaviour that goes against the rules in order to intentionally harm another person.
Explain the social learning theory.
-Aggression - learned response.
-Aggression copied from others, particularly if its reinforced
-Children copy the behaviour of adults
-Vicarious experience – performers who watch others
achieving the task will often feel they are also capable of
being successful.
-Vicarious learning of aggression occurs when the benefits
of aggression outweigh the punishment (e.g. respect,
reputation).
-Aggression learned via following process: observation-identifying-reinforcement-copy
Give an example of the social learning theory.
Experienced flanker tackles 10 late and is unseen by the ref. Child flanker copies.
Explain the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
-Performer prevented from achieving aims –
increases frustration leading to aggression.
-Built-up frustration reduced if aggressive act
initiated by performer – decreases aggressive
drive.
-BUT if unable to release aggression, form of self-
punishment will occur – lead to more frustration
& increased aggression.
What are the criticisms of the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
• Not all frustration leads to aggression. • Aggression may be a learned response. • The Cathartic effect that sport gives is not upheld. • Doesn’t consider individual or situational differences.
Give an example of the frustration-aggression hypothesis.
- rugby player passes ball and is tackled deliberately late
- the tackled player may immediately retaliate cleansing his emotions and reaching catharsis
- if not, the player will remain frustrated throughout the game & release their frustration later on
Explain the aggression cue hypothesis.
-Aggression will only occur if the right
environmental stimuli and socially learned
cues are present.
-More likely if coach or team have reinforced it
