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Social Psychology > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

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1
Q

Define aggression

A

Behaviour intended to harm another individual, actions as well as words can be aggressive
Instrumental and emotional aggression are endpoints on a continuum

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2
Q

What is instrumental (proactive) aggression?

A

Inflicting harm to obtain something of value
Aggression aimed at harming someone for personal gain, attention or self-defence
Often calculated, and if the aggressor believes there is an easier way to obtain the goal, aggression will not occur

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3
Q

What is emotional (reactive) aggression?

A

Inflicting harm for their own sake

Often impulsive and carried out at the heat of the moment

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4
Q

Discuss the cultural differences in relation to aggression

A

Gun-related violence is higher in the US (legally allowed guns)
Group aggression is higher in Western Europe - football supporters are often culprits of aggressive behaviour
Rates of dating violence are higher amongst Israeli Arabs than Israeli Jews
Groping on public transportation in Japan (64% of women in twenties and thirties have experienced it, and as a result female-only carriages have been introduced

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5
Q

Discuss gender differences within aggression

A

Men are more violent than women in physical aggression and direct-verbal aggression. Women are more aggressive indirectly

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6
Q

What is indirect aggression?

A

Telling lies to get someone into trouble; or shutting a person out of desired activities

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7
Q

Discuss how aggression has originated from evolutionary psychology

A

Individuals who could and would fight had greater chances for reproductive success and being accepted in a group
They would pass down these tendencies to their offspring - natural selection

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8
Q

Discuss how evolutionary psychology explains male aggression

A

Males are competitive with each other because females select high-status males for mating; and aggression is a way to achieve and maintain status
Males cannot be certain that offspring is theirs which leads to sexual jealousy

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9
Q

Discuss how evolutionary psychology explains female aggression

A

Women are more limited than men in number of offspring which leads to women defending their offspring
Women place a higher value than men on protecting their lives, again to protect their offspring

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10
Q

Is aggression inherited?

A

To some extent. Not much research and is difficult to conduct

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11
Q

Name some biological factors of aggression and explain them.

A

Testosterone: Strong correlation between testosterone levels and aggression in animals, weaker, but existing, relationship in humans
Index-ring finger ratio: Longer ring than index finer thought to be associated with higher prenatal testosterone levels, and is (IN MEN ONLY) weakly correlated with higher aggression
Serotonin: It appears to work as a brake and restrains aggression - drugs that boost serotonin lowers aggression in individuals
Brain and executive functioning: Abnormalities in frontal lobe structures are related to aggression as it disrupts executive functioning - executive functioning enables people to respond reasonably and flexibly rather than driven purely by external stimuli

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12
Q

Explain the index-ring finger ratio in relation to aggression.

A

If the ring finger is longer than the index finger, it is thought that there was high prenatal testosterone levels IN MEN ONLY and is weakly correlated with aggression

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13
Q

Discuss how aggression may be learnt

A

Aggressive behaviour is strongly affected by learning (Bandura, 1973). By rewards, punishments and social learning theory

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14
Q

How can rewards implicate aggression?

A

Positive reinforcement - aggression produces desirable outcomes
Negative reinforcement - aggression stops un-desriable outcomes

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15
Q

Discuss the 3 ways in which punishment can affect aggression

A
  1. It needs to immediately follow the aggression
  2. It is strong enough to deter the aggressor
  3. It is consistently applied and seen as fair by the aggressor
    If these conditions are seldom met and, if not, can backfire
    Punishment offers a model to imitate
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16
Q

Explain how social learning theory can implicate aggression

A

The theory that behaviour is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments.
People learn from models through direct experience or media
People develop positive attitudes towards aggression from aggressive models
Models construct aggressive scripts that serve as guides for how to behave and solve problems

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17
Q

Explain Wilkinson & Carr (2008)’s study relevant to Social Learning Theory

A

Interviewed 416 young violent offenders from New York.
Results:
93% had seen someone get beaten badly
75% had seen someone get knifed
92% had seen someone get shot
77% had seen someone get killed
75% had a close friend seen killed by violence

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18
Q

Why do people become delinquents?

A

Because their self-sanction mechanisms do not work (Bandura, 1986)

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19
Q

Explain what moral justification is

A

Giving yourself a reason to do something immoral “he gave land to the Arabs, so I am allowed to kill him”

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20
Q

Explain what palliative comparison is

A

Giving reason for immoral actions in terms of making it seem not as bad “others avoid paying taxed, I only steal little things”

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21
Q

Explain what Euphemistic labelling is

A

Giving nice names to ugly actions

22
Q

Give an example of minimising/ignoring/misconstructing’s consequences

A

Supermarket will not suffer if I steal small things

23
Q

Give 6 examples of moral self-sanctions

A 
Moral Justification
Palliative Comparison
Euphemistic Labelling
Minimising/Ignoring/Misconstructing
Dehumanisation
Blaming the victim
24
Q

What is dehumanisation?

A

Don’t think of people as human e.g. “tank components rather than humans”

25
Q

What is blaming the victim?

A

Blaming the person you’ve hurt for your actions “she accepted my drink”

26
Q

Explain Ajzen (1991)’s theory of planned behaviour

A 
Behaviour - shop lifting
Intention - intention to go shop lifting
Attitude - towards shop lifting
Subjective norm - what do others say?
Perceived behavioural control - can I do it?
27
Q

Explain Zillman (1978)’s excitation transfer theory

A

Aggression towards a salient object
Arousal/negative affect
Discomfort

28
Q

Explain Vrij et al. (1994)’s excitation transfer theory

A

Found the man was perceived as more aggressive in warmer heat

29
Q

Explain how the colour black has been linked to aggression

A

More penalties are given in ice hockey to teams wearing black
Referees also judge tackles more aggressive if the team is wearing black than white

30
Q

Give examples of how watching violence on TV makes people aggressive

A

Pupils stabbed friend and left him for dead after watching Scream
Two frenchmen attempted to recreate a scene from Seven
Nile killer inspired by Agatha Christie
Eron et al., 1984

31
Q

Discuss the findings of Eron et al., 1984

A

Seriousness of criminal acts by age 30 was positively correlated with high tv viewing

32
Q

Discuss the TV-aggression correlation

A

TV watching makes people aggressive
BUT aggressive people may like watching aggressive TV more than non-aggressive people
Low intelligent people may like watching aggressive films more and are aggressive more

33
Q

Explain Lyens et al. (1975) study

A

Prisoners were rated as either high or low aggressive and saw either aggressive films or non-aggressive films
They found high aggressive inmates performed a much higher rate of aggressive acts after watching an aggressive film than a neutral film or the low aggressive inmates

34
Q

Discuss how media causes aggression

A

Media violence can trigger hostile thoughts which makes people interpret other peoples behaviour as hostile
Media violence desensitizes people to violence and makes it acceptable
Media violence can affect people through cultivation, creating a social reality that people perceive as true

35
Q

Name the 3 attachment types

A

Type A = secure. Type B = avoidant. Type C = anxious

36
Q

Which attachment style person lies the most

A

Type A = secure

37
Q

Describe secure personality people

A

People find it easy to get close to others and are comfortable depending on them

38
Q

Describe avoidant personality people

A

People are uncomfortable with being close to others

39
Q

Describe anxious personality people

A

people are anxious that they are not good enough and that others will leave them

40
Q

Describe personality types lying habits

A

Secure people don’t lie often to partners. Avoidant people lie to maintain their privacy. Anxious people lie to keep the other person happy

41
Q

Do psychopaths lie often

A

Yes

42
Q

Do Machiavellists lie often

A

Yes (selfish, crafty and manipulative)

43
Q

Why are machiavellists liked

A

Because they tend to dominant in conversations and seem relaxed, talented and confident. They also tend to be successful

44
Q

Who lies more, extraverts or introverts

A

Extraverts

45
Q

Do people with social anxiety lie often?

A

Yes

46
Q

Why do people with social anxiety lie often

A

To avoid drawing attention to themselves

47
Q

Is it beneficial to be a good lie detector?

A

Some lies can be harmful to society, and it would be good to detect them however it can often lead to lower self-esteem. As some people may believe that the lies will be harmful to them

48
Q

Name four reasons for a truth bias

A

Safe option - most messages are truthful. Polite option - rude to judge someone as liar in case of uncertainty. Social rules prevent people of being suspicious or accusing someone of lying. Stereotypical views of truth tellers are more accurate than those of liars

49
Q

Define truth bias

A

Tendency to judge messages as truthful

50
Q

Discuss the relational truth-bias heuristic between friends/partners

A

People are confident in lie detection ability. Believe the other wouldn’t dare to lie to them. putting less effort in detecting deceit. Specialised in fooling eachother.

Social Psychology (4 decks)

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