AGGLUTINATION METHODS TURGEON 5TH ED

Question 1

1. The quality of test results in an agglutination reaction depends on all the following except:
   a. Duration of incubation
   b. Amount of antigen conjugated to the carrier
   c. Avidity of antigen conjugated to the carrier
   d. Whether the carrier is artificial or biological

Answer 1

d. Whether the carrier is artificial or biological

Question 2

2. Flocculation procedures differ from latex agglutination
   procedures because:
   a. Antigen is bound to a carrier.
   b. Antibody is bound to a carrier.
   c. Soluble antigen reacts with antibody.
   d. Flocculation procedures are only qualitative.

Answer 2

c. Soluble antigen reacts with antibody.

Question 3

3. In the hemagglutination technique, antihuman globulin is used as an enhancement medium to detect _______ antibodies.
   a. IgM
   b. IgG
   c. IgD
   d. IgE

Answer 3

b. IgG

Question 4

4. The prozone phenomenon can result in a (an):
   a. False-positive reaction
   b. False-negative reaction
   c. Enhanced agglutination
   d. Diminished antigen response

Answer 4

b. False-negative reaction

Question 5

5. The effect of competing antibodies seeking to attach
   to antigen sites is called:
   a. Prozone phenomenon
   b. Ionic strength
   c. Steric hindrance
   d. Sensitization

Answer 5

c. Steric hindrance

Question 6

6. All the following are methods that can be used to enhance the agglutination of IgG antibodies except:
   a. Centrifugation
   b. Treatment with proteolytic enzymes
   c. Acidifying the mixture
   d. Using colloids

Answer 6

c. Acidifying the mixture

Question 7

7-10. Match the following grades of agglutination with
the appropriate description.
7. ____ Mixed field
8. ____ 1+
9. ____ 2+
10. ____ 4+
a. All the erythrocytes are combined into one solid
aggregate; clear supernatant.
b. Few isolated aggregates; supernatant appears red.
c. Medium-sized aggregates; clear supernatant
d. A few small aggregates; turbid and reddish supernatant
e. Several large aggregates; clear supernatant

Answer 7

7. __b.__ Mixed field
8. __d.__ 1+
9. __c.__ 2+
10. __a.__ 4

a. All the erythrocytes are combined into one solid
aggregate; clear supernatant.
b. Few isolated aggregates; supernatant appears red.
c. Medium-sized aggregates; clear supernatant
d. A few small aggregates; turbid and reddish supernatant
e. Several large aggregates; clear supernatant

Question 8

11. A classic technique for the detection of viral antibodies is:
    a. Passive hemagglutination
    b. Indirect hemagglutination
    c. Hemagglutination inhibition
    d. Latex particle agglutination

Answer 8

b. Indirect hemagglutination

Question 9

12-16. Match each term to its definition.
12. ___ Precipitation
13. ___ Agglutination
14. ___ Coagglutination
15. ___ Flocculation
16. ___ Hemagglutination
a. Aggregation of particulate test antigens
b. Aggregation of soluble test antigens
c. Uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance visibility of agglutination
d. Agglutination of erythrocytes in tests for antibody
detection
e. Based on the interaction of soluble antigen with
antibody, resulting in formation of a precipitate of
fine particles

Answer 9

12. __b.__ Precipitation
13. __a.__ Agglutination
14. __c.__ Coagglutination
15. __e.__ Flocculation
16. __d.__ Hemagglutination

a. Aggregation of particulate test antigens
b. Aggregation of soluble test antigens
c. Uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance visibility of agglutination
d. Agglutination of erythrocytes in tests for antibody
detection
e. Based on the interaction of soluble antigen with
antibody, resulting in formation of a precipitate of
fine particles

Question 10

17. Artificial or biological carriers that can be used in an
    agglutination reaction include:
    a. Latex particles
    b. Colloidal charcoal
    c. Erythrocytes coated with antigen in a constant amount
    d. All of the above

Answer 10

d. All of the above

Question 11

18. and 19. Identify the components (a and b) of a latex agglutination reaction in the figure.
    a. Antigen
    b. Specific antibody

Answer 11

18. a. antigen
19. b. specific antibody

Question 12

20. Sensitization:
    a. Is the first phase of agglutination
    b. Represents the physical attachment of antibody
    molecules to antigens on the RBC membrane
    c. Is an irreversible reaction
    d. Both a and b

Answer 12

d. Both a and b

Question 13

21. Agglutination can be used to enhance reactions by all the
    following means except:
    a. Decreasing ionic strength of the reaction
    b. Centrifugation
    c. Increasing pH of the reaction
    d. Using colloids and antihuman globulin

Answer 13

c. Increasing pH of the reaction

Question 14

22-24. Match each grade of agglutination with its respective
description.
22. ___ Negative
23. ___ Weak (1+ or 2+)
24. ___ 3+
a. Tiny aggregates that are barely visible macroscopically
b. Several large aggregates
c. All erythrocytes combined into one solid aggregate
d. No aggregates

Answer 14

22. __d.__ Negative
23. __a.__ Weak (1+ or 2+)
24. __b.__ 3+
    a. Tiny aggregates that are barely visible macroscopically
    b. Several large aggregates
    c. All erythrocytes combined into one solid aggregate
    d. No aggregates