Agents affecting Volume and Ion Content of Body Fluids

Question 0

Causes of Isotonic Contraction

Answer 0

Vomiting, diarrhea, kidney disease, and misuse of diurectics

Question 1

Isotonic Contraction

Answer 1

Volume contraction in which sodium and water are lost in isotonic proportions; decrease in total volume, but no change in osmolality

Question 2

Treatment of Isotonic Contraction

Answer 2

Fluids that are isotonic to plasma, 0.9% NS, replenish slowly to prevent pulmonary edema

Question 3

Hypertonic Contraction

Answer 3

Loss of water exceeds loss of sodium; reduced extracellular fluid volume and increase in osmolality

Question 4

Causes of hypertonic contraction

Answer 4

Excessive sweating, osmotic diuresis, concentrated food given to infants; secondary to extensive burns or CNS disorders that interfere with thirst

Question 5

Treatment of hypertonic contraction

Answer 5

Hypotonic fluid or fluids that contain no solutes at all, initial therapy: drink water

Question 6

Hypotonic contraction

Answer 6

Loss of sodium exceeds loss of water, both volume and osmolality of extracellular fluid are reduced

Question 7

Causes of hypotonic contraction

Answer 7

Excessive loss of sodium through the kidney (diuretic therapy, chronic renal insufficiency, lack of aldosterone)

Question 8

Treatment of hypotonic contraction

Answer 8

Mild: infusing isotonic sodium chloride solution for injection; severe: hypertonic solution (3%) NaCl
-Watch for signs of fluid overload

Question 9

Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 9

Hyperventilation causes decreases in CO2

Question 10

Treatment of Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 10

Mild: none, more severe: rebreathe CO2 expired breath

Question 11

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 11

Retention of CO2 secondary to hypoventilation

Question 12

Treatment of Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 12

Correction of respiratory impairment, infusion of sodium bicarbonate if severe

Question 13

Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 13

Excessive loss of gastric acid, administration of alkalinizing salts

Question 14

Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 14

Solution of sodium chloride plus potassium chloride

Question 15

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 15

Chronic renal failure, loss of bicarbonate during severe diarrhea, metabolic disorders, poisoning by methanol and certain medication

Question 16

Treatment of Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 16

Correction of underlying cause of acidosis, alkalinizing salt if severe