Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Ageing > Flashcards

Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

Define Ageing:

A
  • ‘Ageing is a process or group of processes occurring in living organisms that begins at birth and, with the passage of time, leads to a loss of adaptability, functional impairment and eventually death’ (Spirduso et al 2005). - something that happens as soon as we are born
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the risk associated with being sedentary, compared to trained on brain function?

Is this transferable to Alzheimer’s?

A
  • Physically active individuals have a 35–38% lower risk of cognitive decline than their sedentary counterparts
  • Yes, improve cognitive function/attenuate cognitive decline in individuals who
    are at risk for AD as well as in affected patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define BDNF:

A
  • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein that supports the survival and growth of neurons and is crucial for brain plasticity and regulation of memory function, this is low in AD patients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What myokine is most important for increased hippocampus size from exercise?

A
  • PGC1α
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe Mitochondrial biogenesis:

A
  • Mitochondrial biogenesis is the intricate process through which cells increase their mitochondrial mass and copy numbers.
  • growth and division of pre-existing mitochondria.
  • ensuring the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA
  • tightly regulated by both mitochondrial(NRF-1 & 2) and nuclear factors(PGC1α and TFAM).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is lactate involved in memory function?

A
  • Lactate import into neurons is necessary for long-term memory formation as it shapes neuronal connections and strengthening synapses
  • Lactate causes increases in BDNF
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of
- ketones
- cerebral brain flow
in memory function?

A
  • higher ketone levels improve cognitive function, as they promote brain network stability and are associated with higher cognitive activity
  • exercise can impact age-associated
    decline in CBF and thus potentially protect the brain against AD development.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the mechanisms for AD treatment in the future?

A
  • intricate MRI assessments of brain structure for early detection of AD
  • improves early diagnosis
  • Precise medicine & PA program
  • Improves survival rates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is:
- Primary ageing
- Secondary ageing

A
  • Primary ageing: an inevitable deterioration of cellular structure and function, independent of disease and environment. (Holloszy 2000) - can exercising prolong this?
    Cause and effect is not clear with exercise
  • Secondary ageing: caused by diseases and environmental factors, such as smoking and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Physiological changes that are not inevitable. (Holloszy 2000) - exercise can prevent some forms of this
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define the age groups of:
- sexagenarians
- septuagenarians
- octogenarians
- nonagenarians
- centenarians
- supercentenarians

A
  • 60-69
  • 70-79
  • 80-89
  • 90-99
  • 100+ (few hundred thousand in the world)
  • 110+ (350-450 in the world)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How has women’s life expectancy changed between 1840-2007?

How has this changed during the current day?

A
  • Linear increase from 1950 (45-50 yrs life expectancy)
  • In 2000 85 was Avg life expectancy
  • Prediction is that most people born this century can expect to reach their 100th birthday
  • Life expectancy gradually rose until 2002 but is now decreasing rather than increasing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What affect does caloric restriction have on life expectancy?

Can PA increase life expectancy?

A

increasing life expectancy by 50% in animals

  • yes, if we prevent the decline in PA after 60yrs, which coincides with diseases and death
  • Genetic predispositions allow elderly to be this active at old age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When are physiological declines seen in people that stop training?

A
  • By age 70 the athletes that have stopped training is very similar to untrained people
  • Beyond 30 the decline of Vo2max is 1% per yr or 10% per decade
  • This does not vary between elite and untrained(parallel) - doesn’t make much of an impact
  • Training helps maintain Vo2max
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How can exercise training benefit older adults?

  • Did weight training also elicit benefits?
A
  • Took 5 men, subjected them to 5 weeks of bed rest = decrease in Vo2max
  • Training group had increased vo2max & determinants in Vo2max including Q,SV, HR and a-v oxygen difference(new capillaries)
  • 6 months of training in 50yr old men reversed 30 yrs of no training - when its relative the values were lower(because the men got heavier) - common feature of ageing
  • Higher levels of HAD were seen, increasing fat metabolism
  • Weight training group could lift more and train for longer - improved strength
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of exercise is the best for counteracting muscle weakness & physical frailty in old people?

How does subcutaneous fat change in men between 40-74yrs?

A
  • High-intensity exercise is feasible and effective even in elderly which are most frail.
  • 74 yr old has much higher subcutaneous fat, and myosteatosis than 40 yr old male
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does PA affect cognitive function?

A
  • The more light activity done the greater total cerebral brain volume (TCBV)
  • Each extra hr of PA was associated with increased brain volume, even in people not meeting PA guidelines
  • This reduces the decline in brain shrinkage
  • Bigger change in Vo2max correlated with change in left and right hippocampus
  • helps nerves grow, so better memory performance
  • Therefore increased PA is associated with lower prevalence of demetia
17
Q

Where are telomeres found?

A
  • They are long projections from DNA chromosomes
  • As you age they shorten
  • PA had longer telomeres with a dose response
  • As they shorten, they can increase risk of cancers like: pancreatic, lung, kidney and bone
18
Q

What are the key findings of:

Cardiac Arrhythmogenic Remodeling in a Rat Model of Long-Term Intensive Exercise Training (Benito et al., 2010)

A
  • exercise rats developed eccentric hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction & atrial dilation
  • exercise significantly increased cardiac mass. individual cardiac chamber values were notably higher in exercised rats
  • no sig changes in LV-RV mass ratio
  • direct measurement of wall thickness confirmed substantial increases in intraventricular septum & left ventricle wall thickness after exercise program
19
Q

Describe the key findings of:

Regular exercise during haemodialysis promotes an anti-inflammatory leucocyte profile (Dungey et al., 2017)

A
  • Haemodialysis patients are sedentary and have high levels of chronic inflammation
  • regular exercise has anti-inflammatory effects, reducing CD4+ and lymphocytes
  • reduction in intermediate monocytes may be protective against cardiovascular morbidity
  • Exercise group had higher regulatory T cells
20
Q

Describe the key findings of:

Effects of sprint interval training on ectopic lipids and tissue-specific insulin sensitivity in men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (Sargeant et al., 2018)

A
  • training improved absolute & relative Vo2 max peak
  • no change in body weight
  • reduction in intrahepatic triglycerides
  • reduced visceral fat but no changes in subcutaneous
  • increased circulatory HDL but LDL & TG unchanged
  • increased whole body glucose uptake(high individual variability)
  • insulin sensitivity improved in 75% of participants but reduced in 25%
21
Q

Describe the key findings of:

Exploratory analysis of eating- and physical activity-related outcomes from a randomized controlled trial for weight loss maintenance with exercise and liraglutide single or combination treatment (Jensen et al., 2022)

A

Placebo:
- decreased post-prandial appetite suppression(14%), higher than pre-weight loss
- increased sedentary time(31mins/day)
regained weight
Liraglutide:
- no decrease in post-prandial score compared to placebo
- sedentary time decreased compared to placebo
- maintained weight loss
- appetite suppression was maintained
decreased explicit liking for high-fat sweet & savoury foods
Exercise:
- Appetite suppression score decreased similar to placebo
- want for high-fat food increased, similar to placebo
- sedentary behaviour decreased in comparison to placebo similar MVPA to placebo
Liraglutide + Exercise:
- MVPA was highest overall
- sedentary time was lowest overall
- cognitive restraint increased

22
Q

Describe the key findings of:

Regular Physical Activity Improves Endothelial Function in patients with Coronary Artery Disease by Increasing
Phosphorylation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (Hambrecht et al., 2016)

A

following exercise training:
- increase in mean vasodilatory response in acetyl choline
- increase in LIMA mean peak blood flow velocity
- increase in flow-dependent dilation of the proximal LIMA
- eNOS mRNA expressions in the LIMA was 96% higher than controls

23
Q

Describe the key findings of:

Reversal of muscle insulin resistance with exercise reduces postprandial hepatic de novo lipogenesis in insulin resistant individuals (Rabol et al., 2011)

A
  • exercise improved muscle insulin resistance
  • reduction in liver fat produced after meals
    = increased metabolic health due to less fat in liver
  • lifestyle interventions(exercise) can benefit people with insulin resistance
  • relevance for preventing metabolic issues
    mechanisms: decreases adipose tissue lipolysis, less breakdown of triglyceride into FA
24
Q

Describe the key findings of:

Voluntary Running Suppresses Tumor Growth through Epinephrine- and IL-6-Dependent NK Cell Mobilization and Redistribution (Pedersen et al., 2016)

A
  • reductions in tumour incidence & growth with voluntary wheel running across 5 different tumour models.
  • In control mice, NK cells were rarely detectable.
  • Infiltration of B cells did not change significantly with exercise.
  • In non-tumour-bearing mice, running increased NK cells in bone marrow & spleen
  • T cells did not increase in blood, bone marrow after running in tumour or non-tumour mice. = T cells do not suppress tumour growth with running
  • NK cells are most responsive to exercise-dependent mobilization, followed by CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, and lastly B cells, which respond poorly to exercise
  • Plasma IL-6 increases dramatically during exercise as released from contracting muscles & might be involved in tumour homing

Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions