Age + Stature estimation Flashcards
One standard error should be +/- ____%, two should be =/-_____%
68, 95
Stature estimation depends on ____,_____, _____.
Sex, subadult age, ancestry
Reference data applies to ____ and _____
Stature and sometimes adult age (RARELY subadult)
There is a difference between ________ age and __________ age
chronological and physiological
Age at death estimate of immature ppl is what number most accurate kind of demo. info
Second
Developmental processes are mostly ______
predictable
Examples of predictable developmental processes
Dental development, tooth eruption, bone growth, epiphyseal fusion
What are radiographs used for?
Unerupted teeth
What is the most accurate age estimate from birth to 10-12 yo
Dental formation
When does the first deciduous tooth erupt and which tooth?
6-9 months, usually lower central incisors
When does formation of all deciduous teeth begin?
By end of 6th fetal month
When is last deciduous tooth eruption?
By 2-3 yrs
Which teeth are last to erupt?
Second molars
When does deciduous dentition complete?
Around 3 yo
When does M1 erupt?
Around 6 yo
I1 and I2 erupt when
7-9 yo
C, P’s, and M2 erupt when?
10-12 yo
When does M3 erupt?
MAYBE 18-25
What tooth is most useful for ID?
M3 if they have one
What Age @ Death is epiphyseal fusion useful for?
10-25
What kind of bones does intramembranoous ossification occur on?
Flat bones, most of skull and lateral 1/2 of clavicle
Define intramembranous ossification
Membrane that fills w/ bone from center out
What kinds of bones does endochondral ossification occur on?
Long and short bones, some skull
Define endochondral ossification
Cartilage model replaced by bone from center out
What do the diaphyses and epiphyses do during endochondral ossification?
Form separately, fuse around puberty or later
Define diaphysis
Primary center of ossification
Epiphysis definition
Secondary center of ossification
Define epiphyseal/growth plate
Point of fusion and site of new growth
Define longitudinal bone growth
Continuous remodeling of epiphyseal plate
When does longitudinal bone growth end? Ages for sexes?
When chondrocytes at end of the growth plate are replaced by bone. Female : 18, Male : 21
Appositional bone growth
Remodeling (repair), an increase in thickness added to periosteum and subchondral areas
Epiphyses _______ fuse at similar times
around each joint
What is fusion ranked from?
Non-union to complete
When is epiphyseal fusion activity greatest?
15-23
Which bones are last to fuse, at which age?
Medial clavicle and sacrum, around 21-22 (lots of variation)
What can be used until epiphyses begin to fuse, at what age?
Diaphyseal length, epiphyses begin fusion at around 10 yo
What is best for fetal age estimate?
Diaphyseal length
After what point are there not many good indicators for age estimation in adults?
Once M3 reaches full occlusion
Once medial clavicular epiphyses fuse
THere are ____ diffs in epiphyseal fusion
Sex
What can you still use to estimate adult age? (5)
Pubic symphysis
Auricular surface
Dental wear
Sternal rib ends
Cranial suture closure
What method is best for adults?
Public symphysis
What is cranial suture rated on a scale of?
0 = open, 3 = obliterated (totally closed)
How is dental wear used for age est.?
Exposure of dentine, most accurate for prehistoric/paleo populations or older people
What bones are used for osteometrically estimating stature?
Formulas using long bones. Femus, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna(or combo)
Which half of limb is better for stature estimation
Lower
What adjustments are applied to stature estimation
Age, bone shrinkage, reported vs measured
