Ag Animal Final Exam Flashcards
Rumen putrefaction:
Age affected
Dairy vs Beef vs camelids
5-6 weeks
Dairy>Beef
common in camelids (over consumption)
Cause of rumen putrefaction
- Esophageal groove dysfunction
- Reflux of excessive milk from abomasum (feed a lot infrequently)
- Repeated tube feeding
Pathophysiology of rumen putrefaction
Souring of milk->ruminitis with hyperkeratosis -> ill thrift, recurrent bloat, diarrhea -> systemic toxemia -> death
Rumen putrefaction treatments
-Stop feeding milk
-Syphon out as much rumen contents as you can
-Oral antibiotics
If they can’t go back on milk:
-Transfaunation
(forces them to establish a rumen)
- Feed high quality hay and starter grain
- treat symptomatic (sepsis..etc)
Prevention of rumen putrefaction
Mimic mother nature, small, frequent amounts (make it ice cold so they can’t drink too much at once.)
What develops the rumen wall papilla?
Butyric acid (VFA) from excessive starter grain with milk
what is the best protocol for weaning dairy calves?
Start them on Grain while they are still fed milk
-8 weeks- Starter grain and small amount of alfalfa hay
-Next few months - slowly switch to a straight hay diet
Trying to prevent hyperkeratosis
Diagnosis and treatment for parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis of calves
Dx: Hx and feeding protocols, usually individual animals affected
Tx: Increase roughage, decrease concentrate, transfaunate with fluid from roughage fed cow
Definition of Abomasal Reflux disease with rumen acidosis
Primary abomasal disease with reflux of gastric contents back into the rumen leading to secondary ruminitis
Clinical signs of Abomasal reflux disease
Ill thrift with systemic signs
Low rumen pH, high rumen chloride
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic (metabolic alkalosis)
Abomasitis/ulcers
Treatment for abomasal reflux
treat the abomasal problem (is it obstructed, parasites, poor motility from like vagal indigestion…why is the abomasum not functioning?)
What is a common parasite that causes abomasal reflux?
Ostertagia
Hairballs age range?
Weaned calves, overcrowded
Pathophys of hairballs
Chronic development of hairballs in the rumen or the abomasum can lead to obstruction (omasal orfic common, or pylorus) or erosion. Signs develop acutely but its a chronic problem
Why do they get hairballs?
Licking themselves/mother All milk diet/poor roughage diet Lice Salt/nutrition deficiency Spring of the year
Treatment and Prevention of hairballs
Control risk factors, surgical removal
How will you decide where the obstruction is?
Observe from behind and assess the type of distention
Causes of Indigestion?
High carb diets, Moldy feeds, NPN, or Protein excess.
Overall: Lack of rumen adaptation to the diet
What is the normal fermentation process of microflora in the rumen?
High carb/grain diet -> Streptococcus bovis proliferates (produces lactic acids) -> Peptostreptococci if present in enough numbers (rumen adapted) will metabolize lactic acid -> maintained rumen pH (7)
Acute lactic acidosis pathophys
high carbs -> high VFAs -> high S. Bovis -> lowers pH <5 -> lowers growth of S. Bovis and increases growth rate of Lactobacillus (produces more Lactic acid) -> rumen stasis -> metabolic acidosis
Definition of SARA
Repeated bouts of rumen pH between 5.2 and 5.6
SARA is common in dairy, what are the two common forms?
Fresh cow acidosis (7 days prepartum - 20 days post calving) Adapted acidosis (40-150 DIM - usually <60 DIM)
What are two reliable signs that we have SARA in the herd?
Mild diarrhea - foamy feces
Depressed milk fat
What is an adequate fiber ration to prevent SARA?
Neutral detergent fiber 25%
with 19% of the Dry Matter fiber coming from FORAGE
How can we prevent SARA when the cows are sorting?
Adequate moisture to hold the ration together
How can you monitor sorting?
- Check the feed ration 4,8,12,48 hrs after feeding (should not deviate more than 3-5%)
- Shaker box: 5 shakes in 8 directions 7 inch shakes then weigh each box and divide weight of each box by total weight
When do signs usually present when simple indigestion moves systemically? Prognosis with time?
6-12 hours after eating, so try to stop them from getting to this point if you know they got into a large amount of grain
The sooner the signs present, the poorer the prognosis
What is the difference between SARA and simple indigestion?
SARA - repeated bouts
Simple - one time thing
Signs of Severe lactic acidosis?
Signs of sepsis (injected sclera, laminitis)
Collapse, death
Atonic, splashy rumen
Severe depression, labored breathing
When the pH of the rumen is < 5, what are we worried about?
Lactic acidosis
Treatment for severe cases of lactic acidosis?
Try to treat them before they are clinical
- Oral laxative followed with rumen juice
- INJECTABLE antibiotics
- Kingman tube to try to get rumen contents out..
Guarded prognosis
What are three kinds of rumen fermentative disorders?
SARA
Lactic Acidosis
Rumen Alkalosis
Ruminal Alkalosis is cause by…
Non-protein nitrogen
Pathophys of ruminal alkalosis?
NPN split by bacteria in rumen to NH4 -> increased rumen pH -> rapid absorption of NH4 -> NH4 split to NH3- +H in blood (Metabolic acidosis)
What is the treatment for ruminal alkalosis? (bovine bonkers)
Vinegar intra-ruminal and systemic alkalization
Causes of free gas bloat?
Choke GI/rumen atony (toxemia, hypocalcemia) Positional changes vagal nerve dysfunction cardia lesions
Pneumonia is most associated with which bloat?
Free gas bloat, lung lobes get infected, lnn enlarge, press on vagal nerve, dysfunction, free gas bloat
Causes of frothy bloat?
Dietary:
Legumes or fresh alfalfa hay (still green) or clover
- Surface tension increase due to increase soluble protein from legumes.
Grain
-Surface tension, low pH
If you are moving cattle to fresh green pasture, how can you prevent frothy bloat?
Feed them a lot of hay, then turn them out to pasture for only a few hours, then take them off. Slow introduction, Poloxalene blocks/licks
Treatment for free gas bloat?
Tube or trocar *correct underlying reason for bloat (like choke)
Frothy bloat treatment?
Possible temporary rumen fistula
Increase salivation
Detergent, mineral oil
dilute minerals?: Ca, Ph, Mg
True or false: Peritonitis can be localized or diffuse
True
What is the common pathogenesis of peritonitis?
abdomen contaminated from sx,gi,rumen,uterine rupture -> gram - proliferate, anaerobes follow -> endotoxins -> septic shock
What is omental bursitis?
When the ruminal omentum walls off a peritonitis by forming adhesions and forming an abscess
TPR prevalence in adult cattle?
up to 60%
Common objects that cause TPR?
wires, nails, nylon bristles wires with a slight curve
True or False; most TPRs have minimal to no clinical signs?
TRUE!?
If you see a cow “rise like a horse” with fast short breathing and a positive withers pinch test, what might you suspect?
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
When might you get effusive evidence on abdominocentesis?
Only in diffuse peritonitis, localized may not show fluid if you don’t get right were the pocket is
What is RUMBA and why do we care?
What you should be looking at in a periparturient cow:
Rumen, Uterus, Metabolic/mammary, Bronchiol/alveolar, Abomasum
Where do you poke for an abdominocentesis?
10 cm cranial to the umbilicus and 10 cm to the right of midline - use a teat canula
What tools could you use to help you find a fluid pocket in the abdomen? What should you do if you find abdominal fluid?
Use Ultrasound to help you find fluid pocket, do cytology on the fluid!
Treatment for focal peritonitis?
Medical: abx, NSAIDs, Magnet, laxatives, transfaunation, hydration
Surgical: doesn’t show to help unless you have a chronic abscess that you can drain to the outside and/or remove object causing chronic problems
Most respond 24-48 hrs but put her on a cull list
What can chronic TPR lead to?
Abdominal or reticular abscesses Vagal indigestion Pericarditis Pleuritis Chronic ill-thrift Signs of CHF
What does omasal orifice obstruction lead to?
Vagal indigestion
Abomasal ulcers:
Who is affected?
What is the pf?
What other animals are affected similarly?
- Calves and adults (rare in small ruminants)
- Stressed
- Camelids similar problem in C3
What has signs very similar to TRP?
Perforating abomasal ulcers near the pylorus
What factors help protect against abomasal ulcers?
Local blood flow Mucous production Mucosal cell resistance -Protein -Progesterone/Pregnancy
What factors lead to risk of abomasal ulcers?
Hyperacidity -low calcium -low histamine -stress Cortisone NSAIDS (bute esp) Direct trauma -parasites (ostertagia) -Virus Copper deficiency C. perfringens type A and Sarcinia sp.
If you see melena and anemia in a cow with pain in the paramedian area of abdomen, what should you suspect?
Perforated abomasal ulcer
Ulcers are more common in Dairy than Beef cattle True or False?
FALSE (BEEF more common)
- rapid wt gain calves
- up to 6 mo
- heavily nursing
- melena not commonly seen
Treatment for Abomasal ulcers?
Bland diet oral antacids (kaopectate)Transfaunation Pantoprazole (\$\$) Treat peritonitis Sx
Young camelids with signs of colic may have
C3 ulcer
Adults with C3 ulcers clinical signs
restless, tail flagging, rolling, not sitting (cush) normally, pad grinding
if its bad:
Death spiral - lay neck down across their back
Spots for Lymphoscarcoma?
Abomasum, Uterus, Heart, Spinal colum
What species can get acute abomasal bloat?
All species
Predisposing risk factor to abomasal bloat?
milk replacer fed large, infrequent amounts
Immature milk production from mom (so wait until 2 years old to breed them so you don’t have to give milk replacer)
What is a common sequela to abomasal bloat?
Frothy bloat
Treatment for abomasal bloat?
Oral anti-froth agent or human infant gas relief
How often does a crea need to nurse normally?
6-8 times a day
How is abomasitis in ruminants different than abomasal bloat?
They do bloat a little but they die from infection and toxemia
Is abomasitis more common in milk replacer or naturally raise ruminants?
artificially raised but CAN happen in naturally raised ruminants
What is BRAXY?
Bacterial abomasitis in sheep (caused mainly by C. septicum but sometimes C. sordelli)
What does elevated rumen chloride suggest?
Reflux “vomiting” into rumen
What age range is common for BRAXY, what is the clinical progression?
Young <3-4 months
Rapid deterioration typical
Prevention for abomasitis?
vaccine programs, macro, micro nutrition, hygiene in milk preparation
Most common time for DA in dairy cattle?
first month postpartum
LDA or RDA more common in dairy?
LDA
Biggest reason to treat LDAs?
Economic loss (decreased milk production)
What are comorbities that predispose a dairy cow to displaced abomasums?
Ketosis, Retained placenta, Metritis, hypocalcemia
What does a cow with LDA most at risk of developing?
Ketosis (50x) less feed intake but same demand
What BCS do we want cows in at calving?
Ideal, overweight predisposes to LDAs
3 Risk factors necessary for development of displaced abomasum?
- Abomasal position in the abdomen changes
- Decreased abomasal motility
- Increased gas production
How would feeding a prepartum diet with low forage to concentrate ration increase risk of DA?
Less rumen fill -> decreased rumen motility -> decreased abomasal empting -> increased gas production in abomasum
What is the problem with pre-fresh cows (2-3 weeks prior to calving) ?
Decreasing feed intake +
Increasing nutritional requirments = metabolic probs
Negative energy balance in a cow will predispose to which disease? What will it NOT predispose to?
Predisposes to: Dystocia, Retained placentas, Ketosis, DA, Mastitis
NOT: Milk fever
RDAs clinical signs:
Beef > Dairy Ketosis (secondary) Dehydration Scant stool Slab sided (poorly filled rumen Hypomotility Ping (recent drench may be no ping)
What are the classifications of vagal indigestion?
OTF
POF
General signs of vagal indigestion?
Loosing weight but abdominal distention… Slow deterioration of the body
What is one of the most common causes of OTF?
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis others: -omasal orifice lesions -foreign body obstruction -vagal nerve damage
Pyloric outflow etiology
Can be sequela to OTF Pyloric lesion Poor quality feed - impaction Advanced pregnancy (kink) Foreign body Tumor (lymphoma) Loss of innervation
Abomasal emptying defect
Genetic component (Suffolk) Dysautonomia (idiopathic) scrapie link? Goats (rare) Dead vagal nn. branches 2 - 4 y males and females
What does AED clinpath?
Increased rumen chloride, possible metabolic alkalosis,
AED prognosis?
poor
OTF signs?
BAR progress to depression, no metabolic or rumen derangements
POF signs?
Dull and depressed, Metabolic alkalosis, elevated rumen chloride (>30), enlarged abomasum, large fiber particles in stool, may be late term pregnant.
Go in on the right side
Vagal indigestion differentials?
Intussusception
toxic indigestion
other abomasal or cecal dz
other causes of abdominal distention (hydrops, ascities)
Which is worse? POF or OTF?
POF
Which POF or OTF shows the papple?
Just POF
Significant clinical presentation for intestinal obstuction
Distended loops of intestine on rectal palpation Metabolic alkalosis (if closer to pylorus) If necrosis/rupture - metabolic acidosis
Most common location for intussusceptions?
Ileum and Ileo-cecal junction
Intussusceptions are more common in cattle or sheep?
Sheep (esophagustomum, coccidia)
This is rare in cattle, causes intestines aborally to be distended, only can find definitively on exploratory surgery..
Small intestinal torsion
Who is at risk for mesenteric volvulus?
Any age
Dairy > Beef
What is fat necrosis, what should we do about it?
Hard masses of fat in the greater or lesser omentum, mesentery or around the colon, or pelvic cavity. Usually an incidental finding unless it is obstructing something (cut it out if you can reach it)
What is a phytobezoar?
Feedball
Who is affected with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
ADULT dairy and beef cattle
Proposed etiology of HBS?
Unknown
- maybe c. perf type A
- Aspergillus
- STEC?
What are the risk factors of HBS?
High production animals <100 DIM Aggressive eaters 2+ lactations Recent feed change Feed sorting (Hx TMR) EXESSIVE RUMEN FILL with premature transit of materials with high soluble protein and carbs past rumen!
What combo of signs would make you worry about HBS?
Toxic membranes + Pale mucous membranes
signs of obstruction/sepsis + signs of hemorrhage
Clinpath changes with HBS?
Dehydration Severe anemia Neutrophilia w/left shift Hyperfibrinogenemia Hyperglycemia Hypermagnesemia Hyponatremia Hypokalemia Hypochloremia (metabolic alkalosis)
How should you treat HBS?
Medical and Surgical poor prognosis
Medical(pain mgmt. + motility + IV FLUIDS)
Surgery (manual breakdown of clot in intestines, lavage, resection anastomosis)
Prevention of HBS?
Prevent risk factors (over eating, irregular feedings)
vaccinate
Cecal dislocation and dilatation cause?
Abnormal fermentation within cecum
How can you diagnose cecal dilatation?
Ping, Rectal exam (should be able to reach past it and move it around vs RDA you can’t)
Want metabolic changes might you see with cecal dilatation?
Metabolic alkalosis (if it has been going on long) \+ other septic changes
Differentials with cecal dilatation?
Intussusception
RDA w/ volvulus
Primary spiral colon dz
Ketosis
Treatment for cecal dilatation?
Try medical first (bland diet, rectal massage.., prokinetics - erythromycin not metoclopramide, calcium if they have hypocalcemia, laxatives)
Surgical second:
Right flank approach, decompression, Typhlotomy or ectomy if needed.
