Ag Animal Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Rumen putrefaction:
Age affected
Dairy vs Beef vs camelids
A
5-6 weeks
Dairy>Beef
common in camelids (over consumption)
2
Q
Cause of rumen putrefaction
A
- Esophageal groove dysfunction
- Reflux of excessive milk from abomasum (feed a lot infrequently)
- Repeated tube feeding
3
Q
Pathophysiology of rumen putrefaction
A
Souring of milk->ruminitis with hyperkeratosis -> ill thrift, recurrent bloat, diarrhea -> systemic toxemia -> death
4
Q
Rumen putrefaction treatments
A
-Stop feeding milk
-Syphon out as much rumen contents as you can
-Oral antibiotics
If they can’t go back on milk:
-Transfaunation
(forces them to establish a rumen)
- Feed high quality hay and starter grain
- treat symptomatic (sepsis..etc)
5
Q
Prevention of rumen putrefaction
A
Mimic mother nature, small, frequent amounts (make it ice cold so they can’t drink too much at once.)
6
Q
What develops the rumen wall papilla?
A
Butyric acid (VFA) from excessive starter grain with milk
7
Q
what is the best protocol for weaning dairy calves?
A
Start them on Grain while they are still fed milk
-8 weeks- Starter grain and small amount of alfalfa hay
-Next few months - slowly switch to a straight hay diet
Trying to prevent hyperkeratosis
8
Q
Diagnosis and treatment for parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis of calves
A
Dx: Hx and feeding protocols, usually individual animals affected
Tx: Increase roughage, decrease concentrate, transfaunate with fluid from roughage fed cow
9
Q
Definition of Abomasal Reflux disease with rumen acidosis
A
Primary abomasal disease with reflux of gastric contents back into the rumen leading to secondary ruminitis
10
Q
Clinical signs of Abomasal reflux disease
A
Ill thrift with systemic signs
Low rumen pH, high rumen chloride
Hypochloremic, hypokalemic (metabolic alkalosis)
Abomasitis/ulcers
11
Q
Treatment for abomasal reflux
A
treat the abomasal problem (is it obstructed, parasites, poor motility from like vagal indigestion…why is the abomasum not functioning?)
12
Q
What is a common parasite that causes abomasal reflux?
A
Ostertagia
13
Q
Hairballs age range?
A
Weaned calves, overcrowded
14
Q
Pathophys of hairballs
A
Chronic development of hairballs in the rumen or the abomasum can lead to obstruction (omasal orfic common, or pylorus) or erosion. Signs develop acutely but its a chronic problem
15
Q
Why do they get hairballs?
A
Licking themselves/mother All milk diet/poor roughage diet Lice Salt/nutrition deficiency Spring of the year
16
Q
Treatment and Prevention of hairballs
A
Control risk factors, surgical removal
17
Q
How will you decide where the obstruction is?
A
Observe from behind and assess the type of distention
18
Q
Causes of Indigestion?
A
High carb diets, Moldy feeds, NPN, or Protein excess.
Overall: Lack of rumen adaptation to the diet
19
Q
What is the normal fermentation process of microflora in the rumen?
A
High carb/grain diet -> Streptococcus bovis proliferates (produces lactic acids) -> Peptostreptococci if present in enough numbers (rumen adapted) will metabolize lactic acid -> maintained rumen pH (7)
20
Q
Acute lactic acidosis pathophys
A
high carbs -> high VFAs -> high S. Bovis -> lowers pH <5 -> lowers growth of S. Bovis and increases growth rate of Lactobacillus (produces more Lactic acid) -> rumen stasis -> metabolic acidosis
21
Q
Definition of SARA
A
Repeated bouts of rumen pH between 5.2 and 5.6
22
Q
SARA is common in dairy, what are the two common forms?
A
Fresh cow acidosis (7 days prepartum - 20 days post calving) Adapted acidosis (40-150 DIM - usually <60 DIM)
23
Q
What are two reliable signs that we have SARA in the herd?
A
Mild diarrhea - foamy feces
Depressed milk fat
24
Q
What is an adequate fiber ration to prevent SARA?
A
Neutral detergent fiber 25%
with 19% of the Dry Matter fiber coming from FORAGE
25
How can we prevent SARA when the cows are sorting?
Adequate moisture to hold the ration together
26
How can you monitor sorting?
- Check the feed ration 4,8,12,48 hrs after feeding (should not deviate more than 3-5%)
- Shaker box: 5 shakes in 8 directions 7 inch shakes then weigh each box and divide weight of each box by total weight
27
When do signs usually present when simple indigestion moves systemically? Prognosis with time?
6-12 hours after eating, so try to stop them from getting to this point if you know they got into a large amount of grain
The sooner the signs present, the poorer the prognosis
28
What is the difference between SARA and simple indigestion?
SARA - repeated bouts
| Simple - one time thing
29
Signs of Severe lactic acidosis?
Signs of sepsis (injected sclera, laminitis)
Collapse, death
Atonic, splashy rumen
Severe depression, labored breathing
30
When the pH of the rumen is < 5, what are we worried about?
Lactic acidosis
31
Treatment for severe cases of lactic acidosis?
Try to treat them before they are clinical
- Oral laxative followed with rumen juice
- INJECTABLE antibiotics
- Kingman tube to try to get rumen contents out..
Guarded prognosis
32
What are three kinds of rumen fermentative disorders?
SARA
Lactic Acidosis
Rumen Alkalosis
33
Ruminal Alkalosis is cause by...
Non-protein nitrogen
34
Pathophys of ruminal alkalosis?
NPN split by bacteria in rumen to NH4 -> increased rumen pH -> rapid absorption of NH4 -> NH4 split to NH3- +H in blood (Metabolic acidosis)
35
What is the treatment for ruminal alkalosis? (bovine bonkers)
Vinegar intra-ruminal and systemic alkalization
36
Causes of free gas bloat?
```
Choke
GI/rumen atony (toxemia, hypocalcemia)
Positional changes
vagal nerve dysfunction
cardia lesions
```
37
Pneumonia is most associated with which bloat?
Free gas bloat, lung lobes get infected, lnn enlarge, press on vagal nerve, dysfunction, free gas bloat
38
Causes of frothy bloat?
Dietary:
Legumes or fresh alfalfa hay (still green) or clover
- Surface tension increase due to increase soluble protein from legumes.
Grain
-Surface tension, low pH
39
If you are moving cattle to fresh green pasture, how can you prevent frothy bloat?
Feed them a lot of hay, then turn them out to pasture for only a few hours, then take them off. Slow introduction, Poloxalene blocks/licks
40
Treatment for free gas bloat?
Tube or trocar *correct underlying reason for bloat (like choke)
41
Frothy bloat treatment?
Possible temporary rumen fistula
Increase salivation
Detergent, mineral oil
dilute minerals?: Ca, Ph, Mg
42
True or false: Peritonitis can be localized or diffuse
True
43
What is the common pathogenesis of peritonitis?
abdomen contaminated from sx,gi,rumen,uterine rupture -> gram - proliferate, anaerobes follow -> endotoxins -> septic shock
44
What is omental bursitis?
When the ruminal omentum walls off a peritonitis by forming adhesions and forming an abscess
45
TPR prevalence in adult cattle?
up to 60%
46
Common objects that cause TPR?
wires, nails, nylon bristles wires with a slight curve
47
True or False; most TPRs have minimal to no clinical signs?
TRUE!?
48
If you see a cow "rise like a horse" with fast short breathing and a positive withers pinch test, what might you suspect?
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
49
When might you get effusive evidence on abdominocentesis?
Only in diffuse peritonitis, localized may not show fluid if you don't get right were the pocket is
50
What is RUMBA and why do we care?
What you should be looking at in a periparturient cow:
| Rumen, Uterus, Metabolic/mammary, Bronchiol/alveolar, Abomasum
51
Where do you poke for an abdominocentesis?
10 cm cranial to the umbilicus and 10 cm to the right of midline - use a teat canula
52
What tools could you use to help you find a fluid pocket in the abdomen? What should you do if you find abdominal fluid?
Use Ultrasound to help you find fluid pocket, do cytology on the fluid!
53
Treatment for focal peritonitis?
Medical: abx, NSAIDs, Magnet, laxatives, transfaunation, hydration
Surgical: doesn't show to help unless you have a chronic abscess that you can drain to the outside and/or remove object causing chronic problems
Most respond 24-48 hrs but put her on a cull list
54
What can chronic TPR lead to?
```
Abdominal or reticular abscesses
Vagal indigestion
Pericarditis
Pleuritis
Chronic ill-thrift
Signs of CHF
```
55
What does omasal orifice obstruction lead to?
Vagal indigestion
56
Abomasal ulcers:
Who is affected?
What is the pf?
What other animals are affected similarly?
- Calves and adults (rare in small ruminants)
- Stressed
- Camelids similar problem in C3
57
What has signs very similar to TRP?
Perforating abomasal ulcers near the pylorus
58
What factors help protect against abomasal ulcers?
```
Local blood flow
Mucous production
Mucosal cell resistance
-Protein
-Progesterone/Pregnancy
```
59
What factors lead to risk of abomasal ulcers?
```
Hyperacidity
-low calcium
-low histamine
-stress
Cortisone
NSAIDS (bute esp)
Direct trauma
-parasites (ostertagia)
-Virus
Copper deficiency
C. perfringens type A and Sarcinia sp.
```
60
If you see melena and anemia in a cow with pain in the paramedian area of abdomen, what should you suspect?
Perforated abomasal ulcer
61
Ulcers are more common in Dairy than Beef cattle True or False?
FALSE (BEEF more common)
- rapid wt gain calves
- up to 6 mo
- heavily nursing
- melena not commonly seen
62
Treatment for Abomasal ulcers?
```
Bland diet
oral antacids (kaopectate)Transfaunation
Pantoprazole ($$)
Treat peritonitis
Sx
```
63
Young camelids with signs of colic may have
C3 ulcer
64
Adults with C3 ulcers clinical signs
restless, tail flagging, rolling, not sitting (cush) normally, pad grinding
if its bad:
Death spiral - lay neck down across their back
65
Spots for Lymphoscarcoma?
Abomasum, Uterus, Heart, Spinal colum
66
What species can get acute abomasal bloat?
All species
67
Predisposing risk factor to abomasal bloat?
milk replacer fed large, infrequent amounts
| Immature milk production from mom (so wait until 2 years old to breed them so you don't have to give milk replacer)
68
What is a common sequela to abomasal bloat?
Frothy bloat
69
Treatment for abomasal bloat?
Oral anti-froth agent or human infant gas relief
70
How often does a crea need to nurse normally?
6-8 times a day
71
How is abomasitis in ruminants different than abomasal bloat?
They do bloat a little but they die from infection and toxemia
72
Is abomasitis more common in milk replacer or naturally raise ruminants?
artificially raised but CAN happen in naturally raised ruminants
73
What is BRAXY?
Bacterial abomasitis in sheep (caused mainly by C. septicum but sometimes C. sordelli)
74
What does elevated rumen chloride suggest?
Reflux "vomiting" into rumen
75
What age range is common for BRAXY, what is the clinical progression?
Young <3-4 months
| Rapid deterioration typical
76
Prevention for abomasitis?
vaccine programs, macro, micro nutrition, hygiene in milk preparation
77
Most common time for DA in dairy cattle?
first month postpartum
78
LDA or RDA more common in dairy?
LDA
79
Biggest reason to treat LDAs?
Economic loss (decreased milk production)
80
What are comorbities that predispose a dairy cow to displaced abomasums?
Ketosis, Retained placenta, Metritis, hypocalcemia
81
What does a cow with LDA most at risk of developing?
Ketosis (50x) less feed intake but same demand
82
What BCS do we want cows in at calving?
Ideal, overweight predisposes to LDAs
83
3 Risk factors necessary for development of displaced abomasum?
1. Abomasal position in the abdomen changes
2. Decreased abomasal motility
3. Increased gas production
84
How would feeding a prepartum diet with low forage to concentrate ration increase risk of DA?
Less rumen fill -> decreased rumen motility -> decreased abomasal empting -> increased gas production in abomasum
85
What is the problem with pre-fresh cows (2-3 weeks prior to calving) ?
Decreasing feed intake +
| Increasing nutritional requirments = metabolic probs
86
Negative energy balance in a cow will predispose to which disease? What will it NOT predispose to?
Predisposes to: Dystocia, Retained placentas, Ketosis, DA, Mastitis
NOT: Milk fever
87
RDAs clinical signs:
```
Beef > Dairy
Ketosis (secondary)
Dehydration
Scant stool
Slab sided (poorly filled rumen
Hypomotility
Ping (recent drench may be no ping)
```
88
What are the classifications of vagal indigestion?
OTF
| POF
89
General signs of vagal indigestion?
Loosing weight but abdominal distention... Slow deterioration of the body
90
What is one of the most common causes of OTF?
```
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
others:
-omasal orifice lesions
-foreign body obstruction
-vagal nerve damage
```
91
Pyloric outflow etiology
```
Can be sequela to OTF
Pyloric lesion
Poor quality feed - impaction
Advanced pregnancy (kink)
Foreign body
Tumor (lymphoma)
Loss of innervation
```
92
Abomasal emptying defect
```
Genetic component (Suffolk)
Dysautonomia (idiopathic)
scrapie link?
Goats (rare)
Dead vagal nn. branches
2 - 4 y males and females
```
93
What does AED clinpath?
Increased rumen chloride, possible metabolic alkalosis,
94
AED prognosis?
poor
95
OTF signs?
BAR progress to depression, no metabolic or rumen derangements
96
POF signs?
Dull and depressed, Metabolic alkalosis, elevated rumen chloride (>30), enlarged abomasum, large fiber particles in stool, may be late term pregnant.
Go in on the right side
97
Vagal indigestion differentials?
Intussusception
toxic indigestion
other abomasal or cecal dz
other causes of abdominal distention (hydrops, ascities)
98
Which is worse? POF or OTF?
POF
99
Which POF or OTF shows the papple?
Just POF
100
Significant clinical presentation for intestinal obstuction
```
Distended loops of intestine on rectal palpation
Metabolic alkalosis (if closer to pylorus) If necrosis/rupture - metabolic acidosis
```
101
Most common location for intussusceptions?
Ileum and Ileo-cecal junction
102
Intussusceptions are more common in cattle or sheep?
Sheep (esophagustomum, coccidia)
103
This is rare in cattle, causes intestines aborally to be distended, only can find definitively on exploratory surgery..
Small intestinal torsion
104
Who is at risk for mesenteric volvulus?
Any age
| Dairy > Beef
105
What is fat necrosis, what should we do about it?
Hard masses of fat in the greater or lesser omentum, mesentery or around the colon, or pelvic cavity. Usually an incidental finding unless it is obstructing something (cut it out if you can reach it)
106
What is a phytobezoar?
Feedball
107
Who is affected with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome?
ADULT dairy and beef cattle
108
Proposed etiology of HBS?
Unknown
- maybe c. perf type A
- Aspergillus
- STEC?
109
What are the risk factors of HBS?
```
High production animals
<100 DIM
Aggressive eaters
2+ lactations
Recent feed change
Feed sorting (Hx TMR)
EXESSIVE RUMEN FILL with premature transit of materials with high soluble protein and carbs past rumen!
```
110
What combo of signs would make you worry about HBS?
Toxic membranes + Pale mucous membranes
| signs of obstruction/sepsis + signs of hemorrhage
111
Clinpath changes with HBS?
```
Dehydration
Severe anemia
Neutrophilia w/left shift
Hyperfibrinogenemia
Hyperglycemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Hypochloremia
(metabolic alkalosis)
```
112
How should you treat HBS?
Medical and Surgical poor prognosis
Medical(pain mgmt. + motility + IV FLUIDS)
Surgery (manual breakdown of clot in intestines, lavage, resection anastomosis)
113
Prevention of HBS?
Prevent risk factors (over eating, irregular feedings)
| vaccinate
114
Cecal dislocation and dilatation cause?
Abnormal fermentation within cecum
115
How can you diagnose cecal dilatation?
Ping, Rectal exam (should be able to reach past it and move it around vs RDA you can't)
116
Want metabolic changes might you see with cecal dilatation?
```
Metabolic alkalosis (if it has been going on long)
+ other septic changes
```
117
Differentials with cecal dilatation?
Intussusception
RDA w/ volvulus
Primary spiral colon dz
Ketosis
118
Treatment for cecal dilatation?
Try medical first (bland diet, rectal massage.., prokinetics - erythromycin not metoclopramide, calcium if they have hypocalcemia, laxatives)
Surgical second:
Right flank approach, decompression, Typhlotomy or ectomy if needed.
