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Bio 1001 > After Midterm > Flashcards

After Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A biologist ground up some plant cells and then centrifuged the mixture. She obtained some organelles from the pellet in the test tube that took up CO2 and gave off 02. The organelles are most likely

A

Chlorplasts

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2
Q

The pigments that absorb light energy to drive photosynthese is/are

A

Chlorophyll and carotenoids

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3
Q

The product of photosynthesis are

A

glucose and oxygen

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4
Q

Specifically, molecules of chlorophyll are located in membranes of sacs called

A

Thylakoids

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5
Q

All of the following compounds are required at some state of green plant photosynthesis except…

A

oxygen

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6
Q

Where do the 02 released during photosynthesis come from?

A

H20

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7
Q

What is the sequence that accurately reflects the flow of electrons in photosynthesis?

A

H20-Photosystem II-Photosystem I-NADP

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8
Q

Which of the following is true about the light-dependent reactions?

A

Photosystem II generates ATP, while Photosystem I generates NADPH

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9
Q

If C4 photosynthesis prevents photorespriration, why haven’t all plants evolved to use C4 pathways?

A

C4 is not advantageous to all climates

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10
Q

The correct structure of a DNA nucleotide is

A

Phosphate-5 carbon sugar-nitrogen base

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11
Q

T/F: In Semiconservative replication a DNA molecule serves as a template for a new DNA molecule which either consists of both parental strands of DNA or both newly synthesized strands of DNA

A

False

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12
Q

During DNA replication the lagging strand synthesizes DNA discontinuously forming ______________ which are later connected by ____________.

A

Okazaki Fragments/DNA ligase

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13
Q

What is the difference between free and attached ribosomes?

A

Free ribosome are in the cytoplasm while attached ribosomes are anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum. Free ribosomes produce proteins that remain in the cytosol while attached ribosomes produce proteins that may be exported from the cell

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14
Q

What is the interaction between the ER, ribosomes, and Golgi bodies in the export of protein from the cell?

A

Ribosomes manufacture proteins which travel through the ER to be packaged by the Golgi bodies for export

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15
Q

If the sequence of bases in a section of DNA is TAGGCTAA, what is the corresponding sequence of bases in mRNA?

A

AUCCGAUU

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16
Q

The function of the promoter is

A

to signal the RNA polymerase where to start transcribing the DNA, to signal the RNA polymerase which strand of DNA to read

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17
Q

Transcription is the process of

A

synthesizing an RNA molecule using a DNA template

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18
Q

T/F: The process of daughter synthesis in DNA, and mRNA synthesis is always proceeded in the 5 to 3 direction.

A

True

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19
Q

Photosynthesis is a ___________ process over all

A

a Endergonic process

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20
Q

What is the enzyme needed for photosynthesis

A

rubisco

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21
Q

Photosystem II generates ____________ while photosystem I generates _____________.

A

ATP/NADPH

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22
Q

Light dependent reactions

A

captured by pigments in chloroplast; in the thykloid membrane; uses water to keep flow of electrons going

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23
Q

Light independent reactions

A

Can take place at night, not energy harvesting, captures CO2 (anabolism)

24
Q

Fredic Griffith

A

Vacine for phmona; discovered that even after viruses were dead their DNA could still be harvested

25
Q

M. Williams & R. Franklin

A

used x-rays to look at chromosomes: found a chromosome was long & thin and uniform, DNA was helical, repressing subuints

26
Q

Watson & Crick

A

Provided theory for structure of DNA

27
Q

Purines

A

A&C: Dual rings (always bonds with single rings)

28
Q

Pyrimadines

A

T&G: Single rings always bind with double)

29
Q

Anti-Parallel fashion:

A

Each side of the later of DNA was 5’ to 3’ bases

30
Q

DNA replication

A

Needs: parental strand, free nucleotides and variety of enzymes to unwind and synthesize new strands

31
Q

DNA Gyrase:

A

Unwinds the parental strand of DNA

32
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Synthesizes new DNA: moves along each separate rung matching the old parental strand with complementary bases; polymerase always moves away from 3 (OH and free sugar) end to 5 (free phosphate) end. 3 to 5 on the daughter strand

33
Q

3’ end

A

has free nucleotide, or hydroxyl group (OH)

34
Q

5’ end

A

free phosphate and nucleotide

35
Q

DNA Helicase:

A

Separates parental strands, breaks hydrogen bonds, creates replication bubble, one fork at each end

36
Q

DNA Ligase:

A

Sews together missing pieces, ties DNA together

37
Q

Order of replications

A

Gyrase-Helicase-RNA primase-DNA Polymerase-RNA Exonuclase-DNA Polymerase-Ligase

38
Q

Translocation

A

One chunk of DNA is removed and placed somewhere else

39
Q

Inversion

A

DNA segment is flipped around

40
Q

RNA Primase:

A

Only can synthesize strands of DNA

41
Q

RNA Exonuclase:

A

an co-enzyme with polymerse

42
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

short newly formed DNA fragments on the lagging strand

43
Q

Synthesis of leading strand:

A

Priming: Primase
Elongation: DNA polymerase
Replacement of RNA primer by DNA: Polymerase

44
Q

Synthesis of lagging strand:

A

Priming for Okazaki Fragments: Primase
Elongation: DNA polymerase
Replacement of RNA: Lygase

45
Q

Telomeres

A

proof read and repair/used to insure 3-5 ratio is kept

46
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA: Combines with proteins to form ribosomes

47
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA: The base sequences care the information to create amino acid sequencing of proteins, each is three nucleotide bases wide called a codon, which represent different amino acids. Also, bind things together into an amino acid squence which creates proteins.

48
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA: carries specific amino acids to a ribosome during protein synthesis

49
Q

3 differences between RNA and DNA:

A
  1. RNA is usually single stranded 2. It has sugar ribose backbone instead of a deoxyribose backbone 3. Uses Uricil instead of thymine
50
Q

How many enzymes in the cytoplasms?

A

20 enzymes in the cytoplasm, one for each amino acid

51
Q

translation:

A

Means to convert information from nucleotide language into amino acid language of proteins

52
Q

Phenotypes

A

Where mutations are expressed

53
Q

Spontaneous Mutations

A

random changes due to errors w/ known cases

54
Q

Point mutations

A

addition, deletion, or substitution

55
Q

Missense mutation:

A

Causes change in single amino acid

56
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

changes normal codon from stop codon

57
Q

Silent mutation

A

alters a base but does not change the amino acid

Bio 1001 (2 decks)

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