After Midterm 2

Question 1

What parts of the brain regulate falling asleep

Answer 1

Basal forebrain and brainstorm

Question 2

What parts of the brain are associated with REM sleep?

Answer 2

Brain stem (reticular formation)
Limbic system
Association cortex
Motor cortex
Prefrontal cortex

Question 3

What stage of sleep is dreaming most common?

Answer 3

REM

Question 4

What is the difference between a dream during REM and the hypnagogic stage?

Answer 4

REM has very vivid dreams sometimes with a narrative structure and the hypnagogic stage has less complex dreams often taken from a single image or idea.

Question 5

When does the hypnagogic stage occur?

Answer 5

During the transition from waking to early stage 2

Question 6

What stage does dreaming occur?

Answer 6

Can occur at any stage

Question 7

Describe Freud’s psychoanalytical theory of dreaming

Answer 7

Views a dream as wish fulfilment, gratification of unconscious desires and needs (especially aggressive or sexual ones)

Question 8

What are the two types of content Freud’s psychoanalytical theory is distinguished by?

Answer 8

Manifest content: the surface/superficial details

Latent content: distinguished psychological meaning

Question 9

Describe the activation synthesis theory of dreaming

Answer 9

Do you brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity

Question 10

Describe the problem-solving model of theory

Answer 10

Dreams help us find solutions to personal problems and concerns

Question 11

Describe the cognitive-process dream theories

Answer 11

Dreams and waking thoughts are produced by the same system and processes.

Question 12

What are psychoactive substances

Answer 12

Substances that affect the central nervous system crossing the blood brain barrier and modifying brain chemistry.
They temporarily change perception, mood, consciousness, behaviour

Question 13

What is drug tolerance

Answer 13

Decrease in response to the drug

It needs larger doses to achieve similar effects

Question 14

What is the compensatory response to drugs

Answer 14

Physiological reactions opposite to that of the drug

Your brain tries to adjust the body imbalance

Question 15

What is drug withdrawal

Answer 15

A compensatory response after the drug use is discontinued

Question 16

Describe the relationship between environment and drug use

Answer 16

When a specific environment is associated with a drug does physical settings become a trigger for compensatory response

Question 17

What is a conditioned drug response

Answer 17

Because of the environment-drug relationship, tolerance for a drug is influenced by the setting. An unfamiliar setting can cause an overdose even if the amount of the drug taken doesn’t change

Question 18

What are depressants

Answer 18

Drugs that reduce nervous system activity

Question 19

What are 3 examples of depressants

Answer 19

Barbiturates and tranquilizers: increase the activity of GABA

Alcohol: increase the activity of GABA then decrease the activity of glutamate

Question 20

What’s a stimulant

Answer 20

Drug that increases the nervous system activity

Question 21

Give 2 examples of a stimulant

Answer 21

Coca: blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine

MDMA: blocks the reuptake of serotonin. affects behaviours and emotions like empathy or social connections

Question 22

What are hallucinogens?

Answer 22

Drugs that distort and/or intensify sensory experiences and modify cognition

Question 23

Give 3 examples of hallucinogens

Answer 23

Psilocybin/Psilocin: mushrooms

LSD: synthesized form of LSA which can be found in ergot and seeds

DMT: found in a range of plants. Associated with intense effects for a short duration

Question 24

What are opiates

Answer 24

Drugs that produce analgesic effects (pain relief) and euphoria (mood)

Question 25

Give 4 examples of opiates

Answer 25

Morphine
Codeine
Heroin
OxyContin 
- bind to the same opioid receptors that endorphins in the body do

Question 26

What are endogenous cannabinoids

Answer 26

A cannabinoid system that the body produces. Affect a wide range of behaviours and processes (sleep, mood, appetite)

Question 27

What are exogenous cannabinoids

Answer 27

A cannabinoid our side of the body that bind to the same receptors as endogenous cannabinoids

Question 28

Define learning

Answer 28

Process by which experience produced a relatively enduring change in behaviour or capabilities

Question 29

What is the behaviourist approach to learning

Answer 29

Explained learning in terms of observable events

• measure “doing” not “knowing”
• tabula rasa (blank slate)

Question 30

What is the ethnological approach to learning

Answer 30

Focus on animal research and the behaviours of animals

• takes advantage of habituation
• high ecological validity

Question 31

What are the current views on learning

Answer 31

Learning is a personal adaptation in response to one’s specific environment
- performance is still used to operationalize (measure) learning

Question 32

Define habituation

Answer 32

Decrease in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

Question 33

Define sensitization

Answer 33

Increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus

Question 34

What is classical conditioning

Answer 34

Involves learning to associate two stimuli so one stimulus elicits (causes) a response produced by a different stimulus
-Pavlov’s dogs

Question 35

Give an example of classical conditioning

Answer 35

Pavlov noted dogs salivating in response to the sound of a bell before he brought them their food
(Ringing the bell alone would cause the dog to salivate)

Question 36

What are the 4 elements of classical conditioning

Answer 36

1. Unconditioned stimulus
2. Unconditioned response
3. Conditioned stimulus
4. Conditioned response

Question 37

Define unconditioned stimulus

Answer 37

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive or innate response without prior learning
- Ex. FOOD causes salivation

Question 38

Define unconditioned response

Answer 38

The response elected by the unconditioned stimulus = no learning required
- Ex. SALIVATION causes by the introduction of food

Question 39

Define conditioned stimulus

Answer 39

Through learning, a conditioned response is produced similar to the unconditioned response
- Ex. Ringing a bell while presenting food produces salivation

Question 40

Define conditioned response

Answer 40

A response that is the same as the unconditioned response but is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
- Ex. Salivation because of the bell ringing (no food)