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America - African American Civils Rights 1865-1992 > African Americans Quick Quiz > Flashcards

African Americans Quick Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

When were the Black Panthers founded?

A

1966

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2
Q

What did the Black Panthers emerge in the wake of?

A

1965 Watts Riot

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3
Q

By the late 1960s what did the membership of the Black Panthers reach?

A

5,000

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4
Q

How big was the Black Panther newspaper circulation?

A

250,000

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5
Q

Give 2 main reasons why the Black Panthers achieved little

A
  • They were violent - armed self-defence

- They were Communists

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6
Q

How often were lynchings in the 1890s?

A

1 every 2 days

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7
Q

Give 2 examples of state measures against African American voting

A
  • Literacy tests

- Grandfather Clauses

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8
Q

Which 2 states received independent powers in the Hayes-Tilden Compromise?

A
  • Louisiana

- South Carolina

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9
Q

When did Tennessee first segregate rail travel?

A

1881

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10
Q

What was the SC case US v Harris 1883 outlining?

A

Private discrimination did not fall under federal jurisdiction

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11
Q

By 1960 what % of AA in the South were registered to vote?

A

28%

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12
Q

To what % did AA votes increase in Mississippi in 1968?

A

67.5%

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13
Q

What happened under Johnson for the first time that allowed significant change to occur (involving the other branches of Federal Government)?

A

The Federal Government was united to tackle the racist South

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14
Q

How many lynchings took place across Eisenhower’s presidency?

A

12

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15
Q

When was the death (lynching) of Emmett Till?

A

1955

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16
Q

Give an example to why the 1954 Brown v Board ruling was not significant enough to improve the position on segregation

A
  • Opposition visible at Little Rock high school 1957

- The need for further rapid desegregation of schools Alexander v Holmes SC 1969

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17
Q

What did Executive Order 11578 state? (Nixon)

A

All employers with federal contracts were to draft policies showing the promotion of African American employment

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18
Q

What was the reason for greater economic change under Nixon in the 1970s?

A

The extension of Affirmative Action

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19
Q

What did 1971 Griggs v Duke Power allow

A

Affirmative action to avoid implicit workplace discrimination

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20
Q

How many jobs did the New Deal create for AAs?

A

1 million

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21
Q

In 1935 what % of AA were below the poverty line?

A

45%

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22
Q

What SC case allowed the exclusion of AA from registering to vote?

A

Mississippi v Williams

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23
Q

In the 1870s how many AA were elected to congress?

A

22

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24
Q

In 1947 what % of African Americans were registered to vote?

A

12%

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25
Q

What year was Smith v Allright?

A

1944

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26
Q

What SC case gave the rights of citizens to states?

A

1873 Slaughterhouse Case

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27
Q

How many times bigger was the illiteracy rates between AA’s and whites?

A

5x

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28
Q

Which AA was killed in 1955 for speaking to a white woman?

A

Emmett Till

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29
Q

By 1915 how many businesses in the south were owned by AA?

A

30,000

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30
Q

When and who founded Tuskegee University?

A

Booker T Washington

1881

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31
Q

What did Booker T encourage AA’s to increase?

A

Their money

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32
Q

What controversial policy did Booker T agree with?

A

Segregation

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33
Q

What did Booker T not pass any of?

A

Legislation

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34
Q

What year did MLK fail to address the housing crisis and where?

A

1966

Chicago: underestimated scale of the issue

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35
Q

What years was Jesse Jackson a democratic candidate?

A

1984 & 1988

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36
Q

Name 2 Supreme Court measures NAACP achieved

A

1944 Smith v Allwright

1954 Brown v Board

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37
Q

What presidents did Booker T. work with?

A
  • Teddy Roosevelt

- Taft

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38
Q

In 1965 how many voters did Stokely Carmicheal raise and where?

A

70-> 2600 voters

In Lowndes County

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39
Q

What did Phillip Randolph pressure Truman to do?

A

Desegregate the army in 1948

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40
Q

What economic achievements did Booker T. have?

A
  • Negro Business League 1900

- ‘Dip your buckets’ -> improving wealth & education

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41
Q

What university did Booker T establish and when?

A
  • Tuskgee University 1881
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42
Q

What did Marcus Garvey do to improve economic status of African Americans?

A

Established the Black Star steamship line

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43
Q

What was Martin Luther King’s aims in 1966 for economic improvement (+ where)?

A

Chicago, Marquette Park

- Aimed to deal with poverty & housing issues.

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44
Q

What happened before Selma-Montgomery?

A

Bloody Sunday

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45
Q

By 1913 how many homes did African Americans have?

A

550,000

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46
Q

How did Booker T encourage white American support?

A

Atlanta 1895:

Talks to white American audiences & compromises, supporting segregation

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47
Q

Who did Phillip Randolph work with?

A

White sympathisers

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48
Q

Malcom X’s view on the American Dream

A

“I don’t see an American Dream, I see an American nightmare”

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49
Q

What was the aims of the pan-African movement?

A

Sought to unify and connect people of African descent worldwide.

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50
Q

What did Du Bois do?

A

The Niagra Movement: Set forth foundation for NAACP in 1909

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51
Q

By the mid-1980s what % of African American families had acquired middle-class lifestyles?

A

40%

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52
Q

Define bifurcation of African Americans

A
  • Splitting into two economic classes: w/c & m/c
53
Q

What was the AA unemployment rate in 1992?

A

Nearly twice the national average (around 14%)

54
Q

What were White Citizen’s Councils formed in response to?

A

1954 Brown v Board

55
Q

By 1913 how many AA pupils were in public schools?

A

1.7 million

56
Q

Garvey’s Pan-Africanism quote

A

‘Africa for the Africans home and abroad’

57
Q

Was Garvey a success?

A

No, his commercial schemes failed and he was imprisoned for fraud

58
Q

What did Phillip Randolph do socially? [2]

A
  • Pressured Roosevelt to end discrimination in the war industries in 1941
  • Pressured Truman to end segregation in the armed forces in 1948
59
Q

What did Randolph organise politically?

A

The March on Washington

60
Q

Who did Randolph work with?

A

White sympathisers & put pressure on administrations

61
Q

What 3 legislations did MLK get?

A
  • Browder v Gayle 1956
  • Civil Rights Act 1964
  • Voting Rights Act 1965
62
Q

How many times was MLK arrested?

A

29

63
Q

What bus boycott does MLK lead?

A

Alabama-Montgomery bus boycott 55-56

64
Q

What does Malcom X do in congress?

A

Threatens he’s the alternative to Dr. King

65
Q

Who did Malcom X speak to?

A

Northern AA’s - better at motivating the North

66
Q

What did Malcom X argue for economically?

A

Black control of their own community e.g. black politicians & businesses

67
Q

What hindered Malcom X?

A

He had less popular support than Garvey at his height

68
Q

What did Stokely Carmicheal raise AA voters from and where?

A

70 to 2600 voters in 1965

Lowndes County

69
Q

When did Carmicheal become President of the Black Panthers?

A

1967

70
Q

What movement did Carmicheal support?

A

Pan-African movement

71
Q

How many black Congressmen were in South Carolina between 1867-77?

A

8

72
Q

What did Andrew Johnson establish?

A

Black codes - de facto slavery

73
Q

Who was the Governor of Little Rock and what did he do?

A

Orval Faubus - in 1957 prevented 9 black students from entering school

74
Q

Who was the Police Chief at Birmingham 1963 and what did he do?

A

‘Bull’ Connor - used fire houses & attack dogs against CHILDREN

75
Q

What did Southern states do after 1877?

A

Little or nothing to control violence against AA’s or stop lynchings

76
Q

How many deaths were there in the run up to the 1868 Louisiana election?

A

200 deaths due to KKK

77
Q

Who did the KKK attack in the 1860s?

A

Members of the Freedmen’s Bureau & those who attempted to vote

78
Q

What was KKK membership in Tennessee in 1871?

A

40,000

79
Q

What film caused the rebirth of the KKK?

A

‘The Birth of a Nation’ - portrayed the Klan as heroic

80
Q

What did KKK membership reach in 1924?

A

Peaked at 6 million

81
Q

Why did KKK membership decline in 1930s

A

Due to sexual scandal involving the Grand Wizard

82
Q

What happened to the KKK in 1950s

A

Various groups used the name & some methods, but it ceased to be a mass organisation

83
Q

What did the KKK do in 1961?

A

Some members attacked the Freedom Riders

84
Q

When was the last lynching and what happened to the perpetrators?

A

Michael Donal 1981

Perpetrators given death sentence.

85
Q

Why were the White Citizens’ Councils formed

A

Following 1954 Brown v Board to protest desegregation

86
Q

How many lynchings were there between 1885 and 1917?

A

2700

87
Q

What happened to the murderers of Emmett Till in 1955?

A

They were acquitted

88
Q

In 1991 what did LA police do?

A

Beat Rodney King

89
Q

Who was Governor at Birmingham 1963?

A

George Wallace

90
Q

What did Reagan do to hinder progress?

A

Begin removing support for Civil Rights

Rehnquist Supreme Court 1986

91
Q

What was George Wallace’s inaugural speech?

A

‘Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever’ 1963

92
Q

What did Grant (1869-77) do?

A

Used federal troops and authority to support Reconstruction

93
Q

What did Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) do?

A

Did little for civil rights: Praised KKK for defending Southern rights after the Civil War

94
Q

What New Deal reforms helped AA’s

A
  • Civilian Conservation Corps
  • Federal Emergency Relief Administration
  • Public Works Administration
95
Q

What executive order did Truman do?

A

1948 order against segregation in armed forces

96
Q

What acts did Eisenhower pass?

A
  • Civil Rights Act 1957 & 1960 reaffirming AA right to vote
97
Q

Who was the first AA Supreme Court justice appointed by Johnson?

A

Thurgood Marshall

98
Q

What organisations gained the Civil Rights Act & Voting Rights Act?

A

SCLC, SNCC and CORE

99
Q

What did the Civil Rights Acts 1957, 1960 do?

A

Set the right to vote down in Law - largely ignored by the South

100
Q

Why was civil rights progress maintained politically in the 1980s?

A

Due to a liberal 1980s Congress

101
Q

What did 1980s Congress do?

A

Strengthened the Voting Rights Act 1982 with stronger penalties against discrimination

102
Q

Why weren’t organisations needed post 60s?

A

Momentum had already started and continued due to changing society

103
Q

What boycott did the NAACP help organize?

A

1955 Montgomery, Alabama boycott with Rosa Parks

104
Q

What were the militant organisations?

A
  • Black Panthers
  • Nation of Islam
  • SNCC-post 65
105
Q

Why did militant organisations fail?

A

Hindered progress due to their militant approach causing white backlash

106
Q

When were the SCLC established?

A

1957

107
Q

How did Stokely Carmichael change the SNCC?

A

In 1965 He expelled all white members from staff positions.

108
Q

What happened to the SCLC once MLK died

A

It fizzled out - shows his individual improant

109
Q

What policies did Nixon do economically?

A

Affirmative Action

Agreed to busing

110
Q

What did the NAACP do in 1917?

A

Prevented the enforced segregation of African Americans into seperate residential districts

111
Q

When was CORE founded?

A

1942

112
Q

What did CORE introduce?

A

Freedom Rides in 1947

113
Q

What was CORE dominated with?

A

White members

114
Q

What did CORE achieve with Kennedy?

A

1961 Kennedy authorised the desegregation on interstate transport

115
Q

How many people were at March on Washington 1963?

A

250,000

116
Q

What date was Bloody Sunday?

A

7th March 1965

117
Q

Who led Bloody Sunday march?

A

SNCC

118
Q

How long did the Selma marches last?

A

7-25th March 1965

119
Q

What did Operation Breadbasket become?

A

Operation PUSH

120
Q

What was Operation PUSH?

A

Weekly meetings in Chicago to expand business ties

121
Q

What was 1898 Williams v Mississippi?

A

It upheld African American disenfranchisement

122
Q

What SC case did 1965 US v Mississippi overrule?

A

1898 Williams v Mississippi

123
Q

What was the 1873 Slaughterhouse case?

A

14th Amendment undermined, states individually could decide rights

124
Q

What did Jesse Jackson want to achieve socially?

A

Unity between all Civil Rights groups

125
Q

What did Phillip Randolph do economically?

A

Led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters - pushed for better pay

126
Q

What did W.E.B Du Bois say would lead African Americans to prosperity?

A

The ‘Talented Tenth’ would lead AA’s to equality

127
Q

Did Du Bois lead to any gains?

A

By 1913 AA’s owned 550,000 homes.

128
Q

What was the result of the 1933 National Industry Recovery Act?

A

550,000 AA were fired, not classed as skilled workers

America - African American Civils Rights 1865-1992 (9 decks)

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