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American Civil Rights > African Americans > Flashcards

African Americans Flashcards

1
Q

When was the time period known as Reconstruction?

A

1865 - 1877

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2
Q

When was the time period known as the Gilded Age?

A

1875 - 1896

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3
Q

When was the time period during the Depression and the New Deal?

A

1929 - 1941

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4
Q

When was the time period of reform and reaction from JFK, LBJ and Nixon?

A

1960 - 1974

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5
Q

When was the time period of Ford, Carter, Reagan and Bush?

A

1974 - 1992

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6
Q

Describe the US government system

A
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7
Q

Briefly define the Black Codes

A

Southern states’ laws to control freed slaves

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8
Q

What was the KKK’s ideology?

A
  • White supremacy
  • Aimed to end Republican domination of South which they believed had been the consequence of the South’s defeat in the Civil War
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9
Q

Define Radical Republicans

A

Republicans in Congress who had been active opponents of slavery and introduced changes to help freed slaves

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10
Q

When was the Freedmen’s Bureau set up and what did it do?

A
  • Set up in 1865 by Radical Republicans
  • Provided food, shelter, hospitals and education, including 2 universities, which helped emancipated slaves adapt to everyday life
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11
Q

When was the 13th Amendment passed and what did it do?

A

1865 - ended slavery

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12
Q

When was the 14th Amendment passed and what did it do?

A

1868 - gave everyone equal protection before the law

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13
Q

When was the 15th Amendment passed and what did it do?

A

1870 - gave African American men the right to vote

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14
Q

When was the First Reconstruction Act passed and what did it do?

A

1867 - allowed states to write their own Constitution - this led to the growth of the KKK in states like Tennessee

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15
Q

When was the First Enforcement Act passed and what did it do?

A

1870 - outlawed discrimination based on race or colour

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16
Q

When was the Second Enforcement Act passed and what did it do?

A

1871 - overturned any state laws which prevented African Americans from voting

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17
Q

What did the 1875 Civil Rights Act do?

A

African Americans could not be banned from public places based on the colour of their skin

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18
Q

What was the result of the 1896 Plessy vs Ferguson case?

A
  • Upheld Jim Crow laws
  • Established “separate but equal”
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19
Q

What was the result of the 1944 Smith vs Allwright case?

A

Made it unconstitutional for black voters to be excluded from primary elections

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20
Q

What was the result of the 1954 Brown vs Board of Education case?

A
  • Brown’s daughter, Linda had to walk a mile to a segregated school, when a white school was much closer - district court ruled against Brown, quoting Plessy vs Ferguson
  • NAACP lawyer, Thurgood Marshall, took the case to the Supreme Court, which ruled in favour of Brown
  • Shut down “separate but equal”
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21
Q

What was the result of the 1955 Brown vs Board of Education case?

A
  • Said that education should be desegregated with “deliberate speed”
  • Gave wriggle room to racist states
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22
Q

What was the result of the 1960 Boynton vs Virginia case?

A
  • Interstate travel should be desegregated
  • This gave rise to the Freedom Riders
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23
Q

What was the result of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?

A
  • Outlawed segregation in the US
  • Prevented juries to make decisions based on race - e.g. 2 people who murdered Emmett Till got away with it because they were white
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24
Q

What was the result of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?

A

Overcame state and local laws that prevented African Americans from voting

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25
Q

Why did the Radical Republicans want to take charge of the Congressional Reconstruction after the Civil War?

A

Ensure that confederacy never happened again

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26
Q

What was Radical Reconstruction?

A

Radical Republicans, led by Sumner and Stephens, put forward their own Reconstruction plan

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27
Q

What were the 7 successes of Radical Reconstruction?

A
  1. Freedmen’s Bureau
  2. 14th Amendment
  3. 15th Amendment
  4. 1st Enforcement Act
  5. 2nd Enforcement Act
  6. 3rd Enforcement Act
  7. Civil Rights Act
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28
Q

When was the 3rd Enforcement Act passed and what did it do?

A

1871 - banned the Ku Klux Klan

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29
Q

What group of people tried to stop Radical Reconstruction?

A

White Southern Congressmen

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30
Q

What are 3 examples of white backlash?

A
  • Lynching
  • Black Codes
  • Southern white newspapers (propaganda)
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31
Q

What were 5 effects of Congressional Reconstruction?

A
  • White backlash from the South
  • Many of the acts passed during Reconstruction were ignored
  • The black middle class population grew
  • Gave more rights to African Americans
  • Black people had more rights in politics
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32
Q

What 2 things did Southern states introduce to prevent African Americans from voting?

A
  • Literacy tests designed to deliberately exclude African Americans
  • “Grandfather clauses” - if an African American person could prove their grandfather voted, then they could prove. No African American could prove this
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33
Q

What was the result of the 1883 United States vs Harris case?

A
  • Supreme Court ruled the CRA as unconstitutional
  • Private discrimination did not fall under federal jurisdiction
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34
Q

What was the result of the 1898 Williams vs Mississippi case?

A

Court declared that discriminatory voter registration laws were not unconstitutional, as there was no specific mention of race in voting qualifications

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35
Q

What was the result of the 1971 Griggs vs Duke Power Company case?

A
  • Court protected African Americans from discrimination by firms who insisted on high school diplomas for jobs that didn’t really need them
  • Many African Americans did not have these qualifications but were capable of doing the work, so were losing higher paid jobs to white workers
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36
Q

What 2 things did Abraham Lincoln do to help African Americans?

A
  • Emancipation Proclamation - freed slaves
  • Passed 13th Amendment
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37
Q

What 3 things did Andrew Johnson do to restrict African Americans?

A
  • Allowed Jim Crow laws to be passed
  • Allowed Black Codes to progress
  • Hindered Civil Rights because he was against them (racist)
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38
Q

What did President Grant pass to help African Americans?

A

Enforcement Acts

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39
Q

Did President Grant like the KKK?

A

No

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40
Q

Why did President Wilson hinder progression for Civil Rights?

A

Massively racist

41
Q

What was Roosevelt’s CCC?

A
  • Set up to deal with unemployment
  • Both white and black people were included, so more of a general inclusion rather than direct support for African Americans?
42
Q

What was Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8587, passed in 1940?

A
  • Banned discrimination based on colour, race or creed
  • Influenced by Randolph’s threat of a march on Washington.
43
Q

What did Truman’s 1948 Executive Order do to help Civil Rights?

A
  • Ended segregation in the military
  • Very difficult to keep military segregated, so the only option was to desegregate it
44
Q

What 2 Acts did LBJ pass to help Civil Rights?

A
  • 1964 CRA
  • 1965 VRA
45
Q

In what ways was the Gilded Age a period of lack of progress? (5 ways)

A
  • White supremacists regained political control of the south
  • Black people depended on white people for their livelihoods due to economic coercion
  • State governments sought to exclude blacks from political life altogether
  • Still segregation and discrimination (Jim Crow)
  • New laws introduced literacy tests and the Grandfather clause
46
Q

In what ways was the Gilded Age a period of progress? (4 ways)

A
  • Segregation helped create a black middle class
  • Black unions were formed
  • 4 black banks
  • All black universities created (Fisk, Howard) as well as Tuskegee (1881)
47
Q

What was the position of African Americans in the North?

A
  • In 1877, African Americans made up less than 5% of the Northern population
  • Right to vote and equality sometimes remained theoretical
  • In the 1870s, 22 black people were elected to Congress (20 in the House, 2 in the Senate)
48
Q

Who was Blanche K. Bruce?

A
  • Born into slavery
  • From 1875 to 1881, he represented Mississippi in the Senate
  • BUT, he lacked support and was unable to increase civil rights in general
49
Q

What was the Hayes-Tilden Compromise?

A
  • Troops were withdrawn from the South
  • Southern states regained political control over their territory
  • States’ rights enabled Southerners to keep their old way of life - court judgement supported this
50
Q

What was the result of the 1873 Slaughterhouse case?

A
  • Supreme Court decided that the rights of citizens were under state rather than federal control
  • 14th Amendment protected a person’s individual right but not state civil rights
51
Q

What was the situation for African Americans by 1877?

A
  • Slavery had gone
  • African Americans had been given the right to vote and in some cases, a significant political role, but these rights were brought to an end by the southern states
  • Educational opportunities became a reality but standard of this lagged behind the white race
  • Basic employment opportunities
  • Formal segregation was beginning
52
Q

What was the position of African Americans in the north in the 1880s?

A
  • Black Americans were barred from trade unions
  • Housing was poor quality and expensive
  • No legal segregation, but there was discrimination in employment, quality of housing, education, and confinement to specific areas
  • BUT, greater possibility of voting in the north
  • Strong black culture developing
53
Q

Which state was the first to segregate rail travel in 1881?

A

Tennessee

54
Q

What happened between 1887 and 1891 in the South?

A

Jim Crow laws developed rapidly - extended from trains to public places

55
Q

What happened between 1890 and 1910?

A

Height of lynching against African Americans

56
Q

Who was Booker T. Washington?

A
  • Formed Tuskegee in 1881
  • His philosophy was based on black Americans acquiring skills first, as a starting point in the process of progress
  • His Atlanta Compromise in 1895 had an immediate impact
  • Organised the National Business League
57
Q

What was the position of black businesses during the Gilded Age?

A
  • 47,000 black Americans started their own business
  • Booker T. Washington formed the National Business League
  • 4 black banks, 1 black millionaire (Charles P. Graves)
  • Growth of black middle class
  • Minority of African Americans benefitted, majority still economically disadvantaged
58
Q

Why was there a growth of the black middle class during the Gilded Age?

A

Racial segregation established black businesses such as grocery
shops, barbers, doctors and lawyers

59
Q

Define sharecropping

A
  • White landowners allowed former slaves to work their land in return for a considerable share of what was produced
  • NOT VERY DIFFERENT TO SLAVERY
60
Q

How does Charles P. Graves represent little change for African Americans during the Gilded Age?

A

1 black millionaire vs lots of white millionaires

61
Q

Describe Booker T. Washington’s 1895 Atlanta Compromise Speech

A
  • Attempt to reach peace with white South
  • Outlined Booker T. Washington’s accommodationist strategy to advance civil rights
62
Q

By 1871, how many KKK members were there in Tennessee?

A

40,000

63
Q

What were the 1890 literacy tests?

A

Introduced to deliberately exclude African Americans from voting

64
Q

What was the 1895 Grandfather clause?

A
  • If an African American could prove their grandfather voted, then they could vote
  • No African American could prove this
65
Q

What was the effect of Westward Expansion on African Americans?

A
  • First cowboys on ranches were African American and Mexican
  • They lacked the expertise to travel west to create new homes away from prejudice
66
Q

What was the position of education for African Americans in the Gilded Age?

A
  • All black universities, e.g. Fisk, Howard, Tuskegee
  • BUT segregated schools in the South
67
Q

How did President Hayes try to help civil rights?

A
  • Committed to civil right, educational and economic opportunities for all Americans
  • Withdrew last federal troops from the South
68
Q

How did President Garfield try to help civil rights?

A
  • Supported African American suffrage
  • Proposed the Pendleton Civil Service Act
69
Q

How did President Arthur try to help civil rights?

A
  • Passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act
  • Pushed for funding for African American schools
70
Q

How did President Cleveland hinder civil rights?

A
  • Did not support equality for African Americans
  • Sympathised with white, Southern Democrats
71
Q

Why was Booker T. Washington criticised?

A
  • People thought he was too “accepting” of white dominance
  • Started the process of cooperating with white leaders
72
Q

Which President invited Booker T. Washington to the White House in 1901?

A

Theodore Roosevelt

73
Q

What does W.E.B DuBois’ belief in the “talented tenth” mean?

A

10% of African Americans should become elite and educated and lead black people to equality

74
Q

What did W.E.B. DuBois form in 1905 to press for change?

A

The Niagara Movement

75
Q

What did the Niagara Movement become in 1909?

A

The NAACP

76
Q

In what way was W.E.B. DuBois different than Booker T. Washington and in what way were they similar?

A
  • More radical than Booker T. Washington
  • BUT, like Washington, believed that black people should help themselves rather than rely on help from others
77
Q

W.E.B. DuBois made civil rights into a what?

A

National newsworthy issue

78
Q

What did W.E.B. DuBois later believe in?

A

Pan-Africanism, which helped to inspire Marcus Garvey

79
Q

Who was inspired by W.E.B. DuBois’ organisational skills?

A

A. Phillip Randolph

80
Q

Who was inspired by W.E.B. DuBois’ emotive speeches?

A

MLK

81
Q

What did Martin Luther King want?

A

Wanted to work WITH whites WITHIN the American system

82
Q

What were Martin Luther King’s 2 main aims?

A

Wanted integration and equal rights through peaceful protest

83
Q

Outline the Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955

A
  • Happened after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to get out of the whites-only seat on a bus
  • African Americans refused to use the buses
  • After 13 months, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on public buses was unconstitutional
84
Q

Outline the murder of Emmett Till in 1955

A
  • Murdered in a racist attack after allegedly whistling at a white woman
  • Served as a catalyst to the later civil rights movement
  • Murderers were acquitted by an all white male jury
85
Q

Outline what happened at Little Rock in 1957

A
  • NAACP enrolled 9 black students at Little Rock High School
  • Denied entry by angry crowds, supported by Arkansas National Guard who were called in by the state governor
  • President Eisenhower federalised the National Guard
  • Students allowed in but faced harassment
86
Q

When was the SCLC formed and who formed it?

A
  • 1957
  • MLK
87
Q

What were the 2 main characteristics of the SCLC?

A
  • Non violent
  • Mass demonstrations
88
Q

What are the 4 main achievements of the SCLC?

A
  • Demonstration in Albany, Georgia 1961
  • Demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama 1963
  • March on Washington 1963
  • CRA 1964 and VRA 1965
89
Q

What happened at Birmingham, Alabama 1963?

A
  • MLK held a protest
  • Police Chief Bull Connor opened fire on protesters (including children) with water hoses, dogs, beatings and arrests
  • Bull Connor’s actions gained support for civil rights movement
90
Q

Who founded the Black Panthers and when?

A
  • 1960
  • Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
91
Q

What was the general approach of the Black Panthers?

A
  • Openly carried weapons
  • Formed “defence groups” against police brutality
  • No whites allowed in the Black Panthers
92
Q

What were the 4 main aims of the Black Panthers?

A
  • Economic equality
  • End of capitalist exploitation
  • Protection from police violence
  • Separate juries for black people
93
Q

What were the achievements and impact of the Black Panthers?

A
  • Failed to attract the huge membership achieved by the Nation of Islam
  • Led to increased pride in being black
  • Belief that white views could be challenged rather than accepted
  • Led to bigger split in the civil rights movement
94
Q

Did Black Power support MLK?

A
  • No - rejected MLK
  • Called him an “Uncle Tom” - said he was white in black skin
95
Q

Outline the 1963 16th Street Baptist Church Bombings

A
  • KKK bombed a church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing 4 young choir girls
  • No convictions
96
Q

What were the 1964 Mississippi Murders?

A
  • 2 white civil rights workers and 1 black civil rights worker were arrested for speeding in Mississippi, held for several hours and then released
  • Later murdered by KKK, inc. local sheriff and his deputy
  • Some convictions but only light sentences
97
Q

What happened to Rodney King in 1991?

A
  • Black taxi driver caught speeding by police
  • 4 policemen beat him almost to death
  • Incident was filmed from a nearby block of flats - seen all over the world
  • 2 of the policemen sentenced to 3 years, other 2 acquitted
  • Led to race riots in LA
98
Q

When was the KKK formed?

A

1865 in Tennessee straight after Civil War

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