African Americans Flashcards
What is a Constitutional Amendment???
A change to the constitution
When was the Freedmen’s Bureau founded and dissolved?
Founded: March 1865
Dissolved: 1872
What did the Freedmen’s Bureau do?
- Provided relief to ex-slaves
- Provided education to ex-slaves
Name a famous Abolitionist
Harriet Tubman, Abraham Lincoln, Lucretia Mott
What is an Abolitionist?
An individual who wants to get rid of slavery
What is the Old South?
The Old South is a romanticised idea of the Southern States pre-civil war
Who was Abraham Lincoln?
Abraham Lincoln was a Republican Politician who’s ascension to the office of president resulted in the Succession of the southern slave states
Why was Lincoln’s assassination significant?
Because it led to the ascension of President Johnson who was a Southern Democrat
What does it mean to Ratify something?
To make it into law
When did the Black codes come into effect?
1865
What did the Black Codes do?
Restricted the rights of African to work
Gave states the rights to punish unemployed ex-slaves
Gave states the rights to force ex-slaves into forced labour
What ended the Black codes
The occupation of Southern States by Federal troops
What is the compromise of 1877 better known as
The Hayes-Tilden Compromise
What was the result of the Hayes-Tilden Compromise?
Southern Troops where pulled from the south, ending reconstruction
What was the problem with Andrew Johnson being president?
He was sympathetic to the southern states, undermining the process of reconstruction
When did Reconstruction start and end?
Started: 1865, Ended: 1877
What was Radical Republicanism?
Radical Republicanism pushed for full emancipation of slaves and fought for rights for African Americans
Who were the KKK and when were they founded?
The KKK (Ku Klux Klan) where a group of white supremacists that carried out lynchings and ceremonies in the south, founded in 1865
In what period was Carpet Bagging a common insult?
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
What does it mean to be described as a Carpet Bagger?
To be a Northerner who moves to the south and is viewed to be exploiting the population for financial or political gain
What is the 14th Amendment and when did it go into effect?
The 14th Amendment that ended slavery and was passed July 1868
What did the 1866 Civil rights act do?
Promised all those born in the USA equal citizenship and rights
Was the 1866 Civil rights enforced?
No as African Americans had a lot to fight for still
What did the 1964 Civil Rights Act do?
This act banned discrimination on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, colour or religion
What is the White Citizens Council?
They were a middle class organisation who wanted to intimidate African Americans into not using their rights
When was the White Citizens Council founded?
1954
What is segregation?
Segregation is the separation of individuals based on certain criteria
What is the Grandfather clause and who did it benefit?
The Grandfather clause stated that if your grandfather could vote you could, making whites exempt from voting restrictions favouring them
What is the Grandfather clause and who did it benefit?
The Grandfather clause stated that if your grandfather could vote you could, making whites exempt from voting restrictions favouring them
When did the Grandfather Clause end?
The Grandfather Clause was struck down in 1915 by the Supreme Court
What is lynching?
Lynching is the illegal public execution of an individual especially by hanging
What was the Nation of Islam?
It was a organisation that used Islam to spread the idea that African Americans were the chosen of Allah, they were very strong ideologically and maintained separatism
When was the Nation of Islam Founded?
July 1930
Name 2 Key figures in the Nation of Islam?
Wallace Fard Muhammad and Elijah Muhammad
What was The Black Panther Movement?
The movement was an armed organisation that fought Police Brutality and excluded whites, they aimed for economic equality, end to capitalist exploitation and protection from police intimidation
When were The Black Panthers Founded?
October 1966
Name 2 Key figures of The Black Panthers
Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
What was United States V. Harris?
US V. H was a 1883 Supreme Court Case that ruled the KKK act of 1871 was unconstitutional
What was Plessy V. Ferguson?
P V. F was a 1896 Supreme Court Case that ruled that segregation laws were constitutional because ‘Separate but Equal’
What was Williams V. Mississippi?
W V. M was a 1898 Supreme Court Case that ruled that voting restrictions implemented in the Mississippi constitution were constitutional
What was Smith V. Allwright?
S V. A was a 1944 Supreme Court Case that ruled that states could not restrict votes in primary elections on account of race
What was Brown V. Topeka Board of Education?
B V. TBoE was a 1954 Supreme Court Case that ruled Segregation in public schools was unconstitutional overturning ‘Separate but Equal’
What was Alexander V. Holmes County?
A V. HC was a 1969 Supreme Court Cased that ruled all Southern public schools would desegregate immediately
What was Griggs V. Duke Power Company?
G V. DPC was a 1971 Supreme Court Case that prohibited discrimination during the employment process but also that work place discriminatory measures were prohibited
What was Swann V. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education?
S V. CMBoE was a 1971 Supreme Court Case that upheld busing programs that sped up racial integration in public schools
What was Boynton V. Virginia?
B V. V was 1960 Supreme Court Case that overturned the judgement convicting an African American for trespassing in White only restaurant in a bus terminal
What were the Jim Crow laws?
Jim Crow Laws were a combination of State and Local Laws that enforced segregation in the South
When were the Jim Crow Laws first implemented?
1877
What ended Jim Crow laws and when did it happen?
The 1964 Civil rights act signed by Lyndon B Johnson
Who was Medgar Evans?
Medgar Evans was the first state field secretary of NAACP in Mississippi encouraging voter registration and economic boycotts
Who killed Medgar Evans?
Medgar Evans was killed by white supremacist Byron De La Beckwith in 1963
Who was W.E.B Du Bois?
Du Bois was a pan-Africanist that wanted to publicise the civil rights movement, he also founded the Niagara movement in 1905 which would lead to the NAACP in 1909
What is a Pan-Africanist?
A Pan-Africanist is an individual who believes that African Americans should create their own nation and culture, rejecting working with whites to achieve equality
Who was Marcus Garvey?
Marcus Garvey was a Pan-Africanist that in his early life set up business to support AAs such as the Black Star Line, Garvey had a plan to take 12 million AAs to Liberia
Who was Philip Randolph?
Randolph was an integrationist who believed in using economic pressure to advance civil-rights as he was a union organiser for AAs
Who did Philip Randolph pressure?
Randolph placed considerable pressure on Truman to end segregation in the armed forces
Who was Mary Lou Hamer?
Mary Lou Hamer was an activist who on live TV exposed the violence experienced by civil rights activists, she also fought to end segregation in the Mississippi Democratic Party
Who was Booker T Washington?
Washington was an educator who managed to gain the confidence of white Americans even managing to become an informal advisor to Presidents Taft and Theodore Roosevelt receiving an invitation to the white house 1901
Who was Martin Luther King?
MLK was an activist who used his religious background and non-violent approach to advance civil rights, giving a famous speech (I dreamed a dream)
When was the march on Washington and how many participated?
the march was in 1963 and 250,000 participated
What is Affirmative Action?
Affirmative action is when a government actively create legislation to support a particular group
What is a Boycott?
A boycott is a refusal to participate in an something for political reasons
What does NAACP stand for?
The national association for the advancement colour people
When was the NAACP founded?
1909
Who was Rosa Parks?
Parks was a civil rights activist who was famous for sitting in a white seat and refused to move leading to her arrest, she was a key organiser of the Mississippi bus boycott in 1955 - 1956
Who was Emmett Till?
Emmett Till was a victim of lynching in 1955, after being accessed of whistling at a white woman (Mississippi)
What was Executive Order 8587?
Issued 1941 by Roosevelt stating their should be no discrimination by senior civil servants to employees
What was Executive Order 8587?
Issued 1941 by Roosevelt stating their should be no discrimination by senior civil servants to employees
What was the New Deal?
The new deal was used to help recover the American economy after the wall street crash, it cause outrage as it excluded AAs from most programmes, it also excluded typical AA jobs
What is Black Power?
The Black Power Movement of the 1960s and 1970s was a political and social movement whose advocates believed in racial pride, self-sufficiency, and equality for all people of Black and African descent.
Who was Ghandi and what were his movements?
Ghandi was Indian indeoencde activist who used non violent methods to resist british rule
Who was Ghandi and what were his movements?
Ghandi was Indian independence activist who used non violent methods to resist British rule
Who was Eugene Connor Bull?
He was a politician who served as commissioner for Birmingham, he was strongly opposed to the civil rights movement
