African American (everything) Flashcards

1
Q

emancipation proclamation

A
  • 1863
  • slaves who could escape their slave-masters, either by fleeing to Union lines or through the advance of federal troops, were permanently fr
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

black codes

A

1865

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when was Johnson president

A

1865-9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

13th amendement

A

Date: 1865
Event:
- abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
- State assemblies were required to agree to the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. In practice, Johnson failed to enforce this in the South
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The freedmans bureua

A
  • established 1865 by an Act of Congress
  • a federal government body that supported freed slaves in the short-term, providing the basis for their long-term security
  • provided housing, employment, medical care, land, and education (4000 schools built by 1866)
  • set up military courts: courts to deal with labour disputes between former slaves and their employers, and to protect AAs from aspects of the Black Codes that forced labour contracts
  • Johnson unsuccessfully attempted to veto the Act
  • it ended in 1872
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Presidential reconstruction

A

Date: 1865
Event:
The Johnson plan
- previouse confedorates swear an oath of alleginace to the union
- once oath taken could stand for election
- had to agree to illeglity of slavery
- militay leader exempt from pardon
Impact:
- the end of an era
- no more free man burea ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

significance of the Black Codes

A
  • exposed the weakness of the federal government and power of the state government.
  • prevented freed slaves from receiving their full rights as citizens of the USA.
  • Johnson supported voting qualifications, including literacy tests and the imposition of a property qualification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Black codes

A

Date: 1865/66
- withheld the right to vote
- justified as guaranteeing protection for freed slaves and economic security for the plantation economy. They included:
- heavier penalties for AAs who broke the law than for whites
- in many states, AAs banned from competing for jobs with white men and in some, restricted to specific jobs, e.g. sharecropping
- Former slaves who were caught begging were charged with vagrancy and fined. Since most could not pay the fine, they could be hired out to plantation owners or other employers, essentially becoming a slave again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Civil Rights Act ‘66

A
  • 1866
  • a response to the black codes, it intended to more clearly establish the equality of AAs with other Americans, by asserting their rights to equality before the law
  • Johnson attempted to veto the bill but Congress overrode his veto
  • would be difficult to secure the Act’s ratification and enforcement as it was not an amendment to the Constitution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

KKK established

A

Date: 1866
Event:
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

14th amendment

A

Date: 1866
Event:- passed by the Senate in 1866, ratified in 1868
- anyone born or naturalised in the USA were citizens. All citizens were entitled to the protection of the law without discrimination
- If any state denied the vote to any male citizen, its representation in Congress would be proportionately reduced.
- this was more significant than the Civil Rights Act as being a constitutional amendment, Congress had more power to enforce it
- it began to change the balance of power between state and federal govs, particularly with civil and political rights.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

reaction to the 14th amendment

A
  • Southern politicians were outraged and Johnson refused to compromise.
  • Only one of the 11 Southern states ratified the amendment.
  • The Republican Party won the elections for Congress in 1866 and started a programme of Reconstruction that made ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment by state governments a condition to the readmission of each former rebel state to the Union.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reconstruction acts: ratification of 14th amendment, military rule

A

Date: 1867/68
Event:- 1867
- required southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment and enact universal male suffrage before they could rejoin the Union.
- placed the south under military rule
- Invalidated the pardons that Johnson had given Confederates who had supported secession, depriving them of their right to vote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

situation after the abolition of slavery - strengths

A
  • Freedom was guaranteed by presidential proclamation, law and Constitutional Amendments
  • ex-slaves acquired legal rights as equal citizens
  • Freedmen’s Bureau provided support
  • Military rule in the rebel Southern states kept the Confederates in check
  • strong desire of Radical Republicans in Congress to ensure the rights of freedmen
  • political power resulted in a number of black voters in some Southern states being willing to elect black Congressmen or Senators
  • the right to the benefits of work - being paid and using that money freely
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

situation after the abolition of slavery - weaknesses

A
  • slaves were uneducated so were very disadvantaged in finding work
  • no redistribution of confiscated Southern lands so most freedmen had no economic autonomy, so many could only work as paid labourers and sharecroppers
  • the implementation of new laws was difficult for the small federal bureaucracy
  • attitudes about white supremacy and stereotypes of African Americans remained
  • violence and intimidation through groups like KKK
  • social structure in the South still valued land ownership above the artisan, entrepreneur and the industrialist
  • due to recession after 1873, many people in the North more focused on their immediate problems than the racial problems of the South
  • competition for work between freedmen and white labourers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

key problems in the period of Reconstruction

A
  • there were no precedents and the Constitution provided little guidance for the politicians
  • disagreements about bringing the 11 Confederate states back into the Union. Whilst the ex-Confederate states claimed they had never legally been out of it, Republicans thought the opposite
  • loyalty to the Union would have to be restored among white Southerners
  • worn torn economy of the South had to be rebuilt
  • newly freed slaves had to be given the opportunity to enjoy their freedom, meaning states would have to implement the federal changes made
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Johnson’s attitude to plantation owners

A

wealthy plantation owners (owing taxable property of $20,000 or more) were exempted from the offer of pardon. In practice, Johnson failed to implement this. They could petition for pardon and if successful, hold positions in state assemblies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Campbell established black power in McIntosh County

A

Date: 1868
Event:
- Hoping to assist in educating the freed people and promoting a biracial democracy
- he leased a 1,250 acre plantation and divided it among black families
Impact:
- provided black labourers new leverage in thier relationship with white employers

  • started to establish black power in McIntosh County in 1868
  • he leased a 1250 acre plantation from a Union sympathiser and divided it among black families
  • he was also vice president of the Republican party in Georgia
  • he provided black labourers with new leverage in their relations with white employers due to his and other black men’s power in the justice court
  • local planters were angered at his lack of patience for racial abuse
  • He headed a 300-strong AA militia that guarded him from the KKK
  • he did this despite his home being burned down, being poisoned and living in constant fear of white violence
  • local planters and Democrats used corruption to arrest him in 1876, and sent to a convict labour camp
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Democrats come to power, start of redemption

A

Date: 1869
Event:
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

15th amendment

A

Date: 1870
Event:
- 1870
- prohibited the ‘denial of suffrage because of race, colour or previous condition of servitude’. So essentially gave black men the vote
- was intended to secure the black vote for the Republican party and so to keep it in power in both the north and south
- There was opposition from the Democrats, but they were not powerful enough to prevent its ratification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Problems with the 15th amendment

A
  • there were loopholes in the amendment that were particularly evident to the southern states - they accepted the amendment because it still allowed voting qualifications, which would limit the number of AA voters
  • it did not guarantee that former slaves or their offspring could hold office
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ku Klux Klan act

A

Date: 1871
Event:
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Civil Rights Act ‘75

A
  • 1875
  • aimed to prohibit racial segregation in public places, except in schools
  • passed by Grant
  • By the time it was passed, the Senate was no longer preoccupied with punishing the south for their rebellion. Grant was abandoning the repressive policies towards the South
  • A disputed presidential election in 1876 depended on the votes of states in the south, therefore the Act was never enforced.
  • In 1883 it was thrown out on the basis that it contravened the rights of individual states to decide on issues of segregation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Collaps of the free mans bureau, repression of the KKK

A

Date: 1872
Event:
- orignally set up by congress march 1865
- help transition slaver to freedom
supplementary freedmen bureau act extended it for another three years and suggested that the Burea set m
Johunson tried to veto the act but failed
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Slaughterhouse case

A

Date: 1873
Event:
Impact:
- undermining of the 14th amendment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

White League established, democrats regain control in ARK and ALA

A

Date: 1874
Event:
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Civil rights act and prohibition of segregation

A

Date: 1875
Event:
- Its intention was to establish unequivocally the equaluty of AA with other american citizens
- Asserted the right to equality befire the law
- Johnson blatently racistly attempted to veto the bill and argued ‘operate in favour of the colore and against the white’
- He attempted to rose more outrage by suggesting equality would result in racial inter-marrige
- Congress overrode his veto, slay congress!
Passing the act was one thing but sercuring it ratification you would needed to adment the constitution to ensure 1866 14th amendment: equality of citizenship and federal enforcement
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Democrats regain control in MISS collaps of black power in Mclntosh county

A

Date:1876
Event:
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

End of reconstruction

A

Date: 1877
Event:
- the compromise
- withdrawl of federal troops from the south
- democrats regain control in SC, FLA and LA
Impact:
- geroger poll tax and disenfranchisment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Segregation of public transport

A

Date: 1880s
Event:
- Florida 1887
- Mississippi 1888
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Booker T. Washigton become principle at Tuskegee

A

Date: 1881
Event:
-
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Tennesee segregation of rail travle

A

Date: 1881
Event:
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

US v Harris

A

Date: 1890
Event:
- civil rights cases 14th amendment not applicable to discrimination by private individuals
US v Harris 1875 rulled unconsitutional
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Mississippi disenfranchisment

A

Date: 1890
Event:
- literacy tests
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Lynching stats

A

Date:
- 1882 49 lynched
- 1892 peak of lynching 161
- 1889 - 1918 2558 AA men lynched
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Atlanta compromise

A

Date: 1895
Event:
- speech given by Booker T. Washigton
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Plessy V Ferguson

A

Date: 1896
Event:
- segregation
- seperat but equal
- 14th amendment underminded
- 130,344 blakc voters registerd in Luoisinana
- seperate but equal
Impact:
- legal basis for segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Williams V Mississippi

A

Date: 1898
Event:
- Disenfranchisment
Impact:
- upholds consitutionality of voter registration restriction
- 15th amendment undermined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Grandfather clause

A

Date: 1898
Event: Louisiana state consition included a grandfather clause
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Segregation of education

A

Date: 1899
Event: Cumming V Richard
Impact:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

National Negro Business Leaugue founded by Booker T. Washington

A

Date: 1900
Event:
- 5320 AA votersd registerd in Luoisana
Impact:

42
Q

Position of AA by the end of 1800s stats, litracy rates, banks, professionals, schools

A

Date: c1900
Event:
- 1865 %5 litracy rate
- c1900 50% literacy rate
- 4 AA banks
- 42,000 AA professionals (mainly teachers)
- 1544 schools in Gerogia
- 8 universities
- vast majority of AA still sharecropping
Impact:

43
Q

Nigara movement

A

Date: 1905
Event:
- DuBois founded it
Impact:

44
Q

Founding of the Ciris and the NAACP

A

Date:
Event:
- DuBois
Impact:
- challended disenfranchiment and segregation

45
Q

The Great Migration

A

Date: c1910
Event:
- up to the great depression
- 1 million migrants
- black population of NY increase by %65, Detroit by %611
Impact:

46
Q

Wilson’s presidency and WWI

A

Date: 1914-21
Event:
Impact:

47
Q

NAACP growth

A

1914
- 54 branches
- 3 in the south
1919
- 310 branhes
- 131 in the south
- (destruction of NAACP in the south?)
Impact:

48
Q

KKK restablished

A

Date: 1915
Event:
- 4.5 million members by 1924
Impact:

49
Q

Guinn V US

A

Date: 1915
Event:
- spesfically adressed the grandfather clause
- NAACP were involved
Impact:

50
Q

Founding of UNIA

A

Date: 1916
Event:
- Garvey
- black nationalism
1919
- 2 million members
- black star line
1920
- decliine of UNIA
Impact:

51
Q

Race riots

A

Date: 1919
Event:
- Chicargo, 83 lynching (36 in 1917)
Impact:

52
Q

Negro facoties COrp and the Negro world

A

Date: 1919
Event: idk
Impact:

53
Q

Herlem renacence

A

Date: 1920
Event:
Impact:

54
Q

New Deal

A

Date: 1933 - 1941
Event:
Impact:
- ne extension of civil rights
- no challeng of Jim crow

55
Q

First new deal

A

Date: 1933
Event:
- AAA
- CCC
- NRA
- PWA
Impact:

56
Q

Second new deal

A

Date: 1935 - 1938
Event:
- wagner act
- WPA
- SSA
- NHA
- FLSA
Impact:

57
Q

The second great migration

A

Date: 1941
Event:
- unpresidented levels on AA intergration into northern idustrial economy
Impact:

58
Q

March on Washington and executive order

A

Date: 1941
Event:
- non discrimination in defence idustrie
Impact:

59
Q

Smith V Allright

A

Date: 1944
Event:
- exclusion og black voters in primaries unconsitional
Impact:

60
Q

the desegregation of the armed forces

A

Date: 1948
Event:
- desegregation of the armed forces
Impact:

61
Q

Brown V Board

A

Date: 1954
Event:
- overtunring of Plessy V ferguson
Impact:
- white cistzens council establisehed

62
Q

Montgomary Buss boycott

A

Date: 1955
Event:
Impact:

63
Q

Brown II and massive resitance

A

Date: 1955
Event: idk
Impact:

64
Q

Founding of the southern christian leadership confernce

A

Date: 1956
Event:
Impact:

65
Q

Civil rights act

A

Date: 1957
Event:
Impact:

66
Q

Little rock high and massive resistance

A

Date: 1957
Event:
Impact:
- de facto segregation

67
Q

Founding of the SNCC

A

Date: 1960
Event:
- sit in
Impact:

68
Q

Second reconstruction

A

Date: 1960
Event:
- Marable ?
Impact:

69
Q

Boynton V Virginia

A

Date: 1960
Event:
- segregation on interstate bus transportion unconstitutional
Impact:

70
Q

CORE and freedom rides

A

Date: 1960
Event:
Impact:

71
Q

De facto desegregation

A

Date: 1960
Event:
Impact:

72
Q

Albany campaign

A

Date: 1961 - 1962
Event:
Impact:

73
Q

Birmingham campaign

A

Date:
Event:
- the highpoint of the desegregation movement
Impact:

74
Q

KKK campaign in LA and MISS

A

Date: 1963
Event:
Impact:

75
Q

March on Washignton

A

Date: 1963
Event:
Impact:

76
Q

Civil rights act

A

Date: 1964
Event:
Impact:

77
Q

Mississippi freedom summer and the MFDP

A

Date: 1964
Event:
Impact:

78
Q

Foundation of Malcome X’s organistation of afro-americam unity (OAAU)

A

Date: 1964
Event:
Impact:

79
Q

War on poverty

A

Date: 1964
Event:
Impact:

80
Q

Selma campaign and ‘great society’

A

Date: 1965
Event:
Impact:

81
Q

Voting rights act

A

Date: 1965
Event:
Impact:

82
Q

Watts riots

A

Date: 1965
Event:
Impact:

83
Q

Foundation of the black panther party

A

Date: 1966
Event:
- 10 point programme
- survival and self defence
Impact:

84
Q

MLK freedom movement

A

Date: 1966
Event:
Impact:

85
Q

SNCC Free DC

A

Date: 1966
Event:
Impact:

86
Q

Poor people campaign

A

Date: 1968
Event:
Impact:

87
Q

Mempshis sanittation strike

A

Date: 1968
Event:
- assasination of MLK
Impact:

88
Q

Nixons southern strategy

A

Date: 1968
Event:
Impact:

89
Q

Ending of great society and war on poverty

A

Date: 1968
Event:
- introduction of affirmative action
Impact:

90
Q

conservative reaction to affirmative action

A

Date: 1968
Event:
Impact:

91
Q

Griggs case

A

Date: 1971
Event:
- constitutionality of affirmative action
Impact:

92
Q

Swan case

A

Date: 1971
Event:
- consitutionality of busing and enforced desegregation
Impact:

93
Q

Gary convention and policitcal empowerment

A

Date: 1972
Event:
- deindustrialisation undermines potential impact of black elected officials
Impact:

94
Q

Milken case

A

Date: 1974
Event:
- resegregation of schools
Impact:

95
Q

Bakke case

A

Date: 1978
Event:
- limmits affirmative action
Impact:

96
Q

Regan

A

Date:
Event:
- reganomics and welfare cuts
Impact:

97
Q

Conservative reaction to affirmative action

A

Date:
Event:
- 75% of federal contractors exempt from affirmative action
Impact:

98
Q

Jesse Jackson presidental campaign

A

Date: 1984
Event:
Impact:

99
Q

Position of AA in the 90s stats

A

Date: 1990
Event:
- 37% black families in poverty
- 1970 33% black families in poverty
- 44% black children living in poverty
- war on drugs and criminlization of AA
- AA 45% of prison population whilst only making 12% of the general population
Impact:

100
Q

LA riots

A

Date: 1992
Event:
- over the outcome of the Rodney King case
Impact:

101
Q

Number of black mayors in:
1965
1970
1992

A

1965 - 0
1970 - 80
1992 - 300