Affixes Flashcards
-al
V ->N
Of the kind of
-ant
V ->N
causing or performing an action or existing in a certain condition
-(at)ion
V ->N
Action or condition
-er
V ->N
-ing
V ->N
Result of the verb
-ment
V ->N
Act of doing something
-able
V ->A
-ing2
V ->A
-ive
V ->A
-dom
N ->N
-ful
N->A
-(i)al
N->A
-(i)an
N->A
-ic
N->A
-ize
N->V
-less
N->A
-ous
N->A
-ish
A->A
-ate
A->V
-en
A->V
-ize2
A->V
-ity
A->N
-ness
A->N
Anti-
N->N
Ex-
N->N
Out of, not
De-
V->V
Dis-
V->V
Mis-
V->V
Re-
V->V
Re-
V->V
Un-
V->V
In-
A->A
Un2-
A->A
Not
Coarticulation
More than one articulator is active
Processes
Articulatory adjustments during the production of connected speech
Assimilation
Influence of a segment on another
Nasalization
Regressive assimilation
Progressive articulation
Nasality forward from nasal consonant onto vowel
Voicing assimilation
Devoicing = vocal folds not in motion immediately
Voicing = opposite
Flapping
[t] & [d] between vowels with the first stressed => [weird r]
Dissimilation
Two sounds become less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms
Ex : ending with 3 consecutive fricatives = turn into stop [t]
Deletion
schwa often deleted when next vowel is stressed
Epenthesis
Inserts a syllabic or non-syllabic segment with an existing string of segments
Metathesis
Reorders a sequence of segments
Vowel reduction
Articulation moves to a more central position when vowel is unstressed
Typical outcome = schwa
Complementary distribution rules
dental [n] before interdental consonants
long [i] before voiced obstruents
Canadian Raising
raising before a voiceless consonant
Onsets that comply with sonority requirement
Labial + sonorant
Alveolar + sonorant
Velar + sonorant
Appendix consonants
- Violate sonority requirement
- only s for onset
- s/t/voiceless th for coda
Heavy syllable
Rhyme = vowel + glide or consonant
Light syllable
Rhyme = vowel + syllabic consonant
Stress rule (without suffixes)
Verbs with more than 1 syllable
- falls last syllable if heavy
- or penultimate syllable
Stress rule for nouns
Penultimate syllable
Stress in longer nouns
Heavy = penultimate
Light = antepenultimate
Exception exist
Aspiration
p,t,k = beginning of a syllable that is word-initial or stressed
Vowel lengthening
Followed by voiced obstruent in the coda position of the same syllable
-s
Plural
‘S
Possessive
-s (verb)
3rd person sing non-past
-ing
Progressive
-ed
Past tense
-en/-ed
Past participle
-er
Comparative
-est
Superlative
Case inflection
Indicated word grammatical role in the sentence
Agreement in inflexion
Match certain grammatical properties of another word (number and person)
Internal change
Substitute one non-morphemic segmebt for another to mark a grammatical contrast
Ablaut
Vowel alteration that mark grammatical contrasts
Suppletion
Replace morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate grammatical contrast
Tone placement
Distinction between two words
Cliticization
Morphemes pronounced with another word
- cannot stand alone
- behave like words in terms of meaning
“I’m”
