Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychiatry > Affective Disorders > Flashcards

Affective Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main classification systems for mental disorders?

A

ICD - 10

DSM - 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is depression?

A

A systemic symptom characterized by sadness, but can also cause other symptoms such as fatigue and pain

Often depression is a syndrome, a combination of different symptoms and signs that can differ between different people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What characteristics separate depression from episodes of sadness?

A
  • Persistence of symptoms
  • Pervasiveness (feeling all the time) of symptoms
  • Degree of impairment
  • Presence of symptoms and signs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is anhedonia?

What is perplexity?

A

Anhedonia is the inability to feel pleasure in normally pleasurable activities

Perplexity refers to the feeling of being overwhelmed, unable to deal with or understand things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an idea of reference in psychiatry?

A

When a patient assumed something in their environment is happening to them even though there is no evidence to suggest this is the case

Eg. see a group of people laughring when you’re walking down the road and assume that they laughing at you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a delusion?

What is a hallucination?

A

Delusion - when a patient has an unshakeable belief in something which there is no evidence to indicate (eg. their organs are rotting)

Hallucination - having a sensory experience of something that isn’t really there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some of the psychological changes that can occur in patients with depression?

A

Changes in mood
- Anxiety, depression, perplexity, anhedonia

Changes in thought content

  • Guilt, hopelessness, worthlessness, other neuroses
  • Delusions, hallucinations, Ideas of reference
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the pysical changes that can occur in patients with depression?

A

Changes in bodily function
- Fatigue, sleep, libido, appetite, constipation, pain

Changes in psychomotor function
- Agitation, retardation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some social changes that can occur in patients with depression?

A

Loss of interest
Apathy
Irritability
Withdrawal, loss of confidence, indecisiveness
Loss of concentration, registration and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does apathy refer to in psychiatry?

A

Loss of interest in the patient surroundings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does retardation refer to?

What does stupor refer to?

A

Retardation - a slowing of motor response including speech

Stupor - a state of extreme retardation in which consciousness is intact. Patient can’t move, speak, eat or drink. Once recovered can clearly recollect the events that occurred whilst under stupor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some of the classification guidelines for depression that are set forth by ICD-10?

A
  • Lasts for longer than 2 weeks
  • No hypomanic or manic episodes in lifetime
  • Not attributable to any psychoactive substance or organic mental disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

If depression is accompanied by psychotic episodes how is it defined?

What is it important to rule out?

A

Classified as SEVERE depression with psychotic episodes

Need to exclude other psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is somatic syndrome? What are the symptoms?

A

A syndrome of depressive symptoms that is classified as a depression syndrome in ICD-10

  • Anhedonia
  • Apathy, lack of emotion
  • Waking about 2hrs earlier than normal time
  • Depression is worse in the morning
  • Objective evidence of retardation / psychomotor agitation
  • Marked loss of apetite leading to weight loss
  • Marked loss of libido
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a patient need to be experiencing in order to get diagnosed with mild depression?

A

At least two of the following:

  • Depressed mood for most of the day for 2+ weeks
  • Anhedonia
  • Decreased energy or increased fatigability

+ additional depressive symptoms to give a total of at least 4 symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the additional symptoms that are useful in diagnosing and distringuishing between types of depression?

A
  • Loss of confidence or self esteem
  • Unreasonable feelings of guilt / self reproach
  • Recurrent thoughts of suicide or suicidal behaviour
  • Decreased concentration
  • Agitation or retardation
  • Sleep disturbance
  • Change In appetite
17
Q

What does a patient need to be experiencing in order to be diagnosed with moderate depression?

A

At least two of the following:

  • Depressed mood for most of the day for 2+ weeks
  • Anhedonia
  • Decreased energy or increased fatigability

+ additional depressive symptoms to give a total of at least 6 symptoms

18
Q

How does pregnancy influence likelihood of depression?

A

75% of women experience “baby blues” within 2 weeks of delivery

10% of these will go on to develop a depressive disorder within 3-6 months

19
Q

What are the three classes of therapies available to treat depressive disorders?

A

Antidepressants

Psychological treatments

Physical treatments

20
Q

What are the main classes of antidepressants used to treat depressive syndromes?

A
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): 1st choice bc lower profile of side effects
  • Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): more side effects but good alternative
  • Monamine Oxidase antidepressants
  • Others
21
Q

What are some psychological treatments available for the treatment of depressive syndromes?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Interpersonal therapy

Individual dynamic psychotherapy

Family therapy

22
Q

What are some physcial therapies available for the treatment of depressive disorders?

A

ECT - Electroconvulsive therapy. (purposely initiates brief seizures to cause changes in brain chemistry that may help with certain medical disorders such as severe treatment resistant depression)

Psychosurgery

DBS - deep brain stimulation

VNS - vagus nerve stimulation

23
Q

What is mania?

A

A state of being characterized by disinhibition, grandiose feelings and ideas, and loss of judgement

Pathological elevated mood

24
Q

What is hypomania?

A

Lesser degree of mania, no psychosis. Characterized by:

  • Increased energy, libido, feeling of wellbeing, sociability, talkativeness
  • Decreased need for sleep, reduced concentration, new interests, mild overspending

Not to the extent of severe work disruption of social rejection

25
Q

What is mania?

A

1 week of symptoms severe engough to disrupt ordinary work and social life more or less completely.

Characterized by:

  • Elevated mood, energy, overactivity, pressure of speech, decreased need for sleep
  • Disinhibition and grandiosity
  • Alteration of senses
  • Extravagant spending

Can be irritable rather than elated

26
Q

What is grandiosity?

A

Elevated sense of oneself, feeling of superiority

27
Q

What types of drugs are often used to treat manic patients?

A

Antipsychotics
- olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine

Mood Stabilizers
- sodium valproate, lamotrigene, carbamezapine

Lithium

ECT

28
Q

What are the criteria that are needed to be met for a diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder (BAD)?

A

2+ episodes of depression and mania / hypomania

if no depression the diagnosis is either mania or bipolar disorder

29
Q

Who tends to develop bipolar disorder? (age, gender)

A

Young people, usually under 30 years old. Genders equal

prevalence of bipolar is 0.7-1.6 per 100

Prevalence tends to be increased in those with a 1st degree relative affected, early onset at age 15-19 common if positive family history. Other forms of depression also more common in relatives

30
Q

Who tends to develop depression? (age, gender)

A

2:1 females to males, highest risk is from 18-44 years old

Old age onset is not unusual, mean age of onset is 27

Higher risk in people with affected 1st degree relatives

31
Q

What are some lifestyle factors that have been shown to influence risk of depression?

A

Employment, depression more common in unemployed

Financial dependence

Level of educational attainment

Stability of marriage

Adverse life events

32
Q

Describe the clinical course of major depression?

A

Episodes tend to last 4-6 months

54% recover at 26 weeks

12% fail to recover

80+% have further episodes

33
Q

Describe the clinical course of bipolar disorder / mania?

A

Typical episode lasts 1-3 months

60% recovered at 10 weeks

5% fail to recover

90% have further episodes

34
Q

Which is more common, mania or bipolar disorder?

A

Bipolar disorder

35
Q

What sort of treatment model should be employed in the treatment of most psychiatric pathologies?

A

Biopsychosocial model

Meds - therapy - social factors

Psychiatry (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions