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M2-4 > Affective Disorder > Flashcards

Affective Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

What is affective disorders?

A

disorders of emotions and mood (also ‘mood disorders’)

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2
Q

Example of affective disorder

A

depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder

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3
Q

Criteria for depression or mania

A

Duration is important
Depression = depressed mood, > 2 weeks
Mania = abnormally elevated mood, > 1 week

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4
Q

Diagnostic criteria

A

In Europe: ICD10

Distinguish key/main symptoms and associated symptoms

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5
Q

How can depression be diagnosed according to ICD10

A 
Severity (# of symptoms)
Mild (4)
Moderate (5-6)
Severe (>= 7)
• without psychotic symptoms
• with psychotic symptoms
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6
Q

Key symptoms of depression on ICD 10

A

persistent sadness or low mood
loss of interest or pleasure
fatigue or low energy

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7
Q

Psychotic symptoms

A

Illusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations

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8
Q

Somatic symptoms of depression

A

Headaches, Vertigo
Back pain
Breathing problems e.g. right chest
Cardiac symptoms e.g. palpitations
Gastrointestinal symptoms e.g. nausea, abdominal pain
Gynecological problems e.g. menstrual irregularities, pain

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9
Q

Course of illness

A
  • single episode
  • recurrent
  • chroinic
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10
Q

Issue of “healing”

A
  • Impairment/ disability persists often beyond the depressive episode
  • 50% of major depressive episodes remit within 3 months
  • Severe and co-morbid depression average duration: 7.6 months
  • The longer the episode, the lower the probability of remission
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11
Q

Depression in EU

A

25% (9% at all time)

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12
Q

Disability adjusted life years

A

(measure of disease burden)
Number of years lost due to illness, disability or early death
Depression may be number one in future

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13
Q

Depression and gender

A

more women

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14
Q

Components of bipolar disorder

A

Mania
Depression/ Irritability
Psychotic symptoms
Cognitive impairment/thought disorders

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15
Q

Logorrhea

A

Example of mania where one talks a lot

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16
Q

Mania and psychotic symptoms

A

High comorbidity but not necessity, it is possible to be maniac without psychotic symptoms

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17
Q

Scale of bipolar

A 
Severe depression
depression
baseline
hypomania (no disruption of social relationships and no psychotic symptoms)
mania
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18
Q

Subtypes of bipolar

A 
Cyclothymic personality (not yet a disease but mood shift within the extreme of normal range)
Cyclothymia... mood range from hypomania to depression
Bipolar 1... mania and severe depression
Bipolar 2... range within hypomania and severe depression
Unipolar mania... range within normal and mania
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19
Q

Extreme of bipolar

A

Rapid cycling with no normal state in between mania and severe depression

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20
Q

Prevalence of bipolar disorder

A

low (-1%)

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21
Q

Bipolar and gender

A

equal ratio for male and female

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22
Q

High genetic influence

A

Recurrent unipolar depression and depression

For twin study, 50% and 80% respectively

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23
Q

Influence of inducing depression

A

genes, early childhood, neuroendocrine factors, neuroanatomy, stressful life events

24
Q

The more episodes of depression you have

A

more likely you will have additional episodes regardless of the number of stressful life events

25
Q

5HT gene and depression

A

5-HTTLPR encodes for promoter region SLC6A4
Short-allele… less 5HT transporter (for reuptake) associated with neuroticism
Long-allele… more 5HT transporter leading to better response to SSRI

Paradox: Lack of 5HT leads to depression, but then how is s-allele w/less reuptake (more 5HT) leads to neurotocism?

26
Q

Gene-environment interaction

A
  • L-allele work as a protective measure against depression
  • Age of stressful events may matter
  • s-group have more sensitive amygdala
27
Q

Two potential NT involved in depression

A

5HT and NE (SSRI and SNRI)

28
Q

Anatomical key player in depression

A

limbic system (cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and medial part of prefrontal cortex)

29
Q

Anatomically how is brain changed by depression?

A
  • Less serotonin production
  • decreased prefrontal cortex volume and activity
  • decreased activity of subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC, Cg25)
  • increased sensitivity of amygdala especially to negative emotion
  • lack of sensitivity in ventral striatum
30
Q

In the old days, neuroendocrine factors were thought as depression

A

HPA axis dysregulation

31
Q

Treatment

A
  • Prozac (antidepressants may not be beneficial for mild syptoms)
  • psychotherapy
  • CBT (faster result than psychotherapy)
  • ElectroConvult Therapy
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • light therapy
32
Q

Drugs for depression

A

• Selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
e.g., Fluoxetine (Prozac), Sertraline, Paroxetine, Citalopram
•Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRI)
e.g., Reboxetine, Bupropione (+ dopaminergic)
• Serotonin-Noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)
e.g., Venlafaxine, Mirtazapine, Duloxetine
• Tri- or tetracyclic antidepressants (TZA); side efffects
e.g., Amitripyline, Doxepine, Imipramine
• Monoamine-oxidase (MAO) inhibitors
e.g., Tranylcypromine

Non-serotonin/NE related drugs (fast)
• Ketamine (NMDA-receptor antagonist)

33
Q

What is potential mechanism on action of SSRI?

A

Not the amount of NT available but rather the sensitivity of receptor seems to influence the clinical effect; decrease in sensitivity increase the positive clinical effect

34
Q

Issue of antidepressants

A

It seems to be only effective (experimental vs placebo comparison) for severe depressive patients

35
Q

Drug treatment for bipolar

A 
• Mania:
- Lithium
- Valproate
- Second generation antipsychotics (e.g., Quetiapine, Olanzapine, Risperidone)
•Depression:
- Quetiapine
- Antidepressant + Mood stabilizer (e.g., SSRI + Lithium)
• Maintenance:
- Lithium
- Valproate
- Second generation antipsychotics
36
Q

What is anxiety?

A
  • Basal behavior necessary for the survival of the individual
  • Appearance in men and animals. Animal models available
  • Dysregulation leads to anxiety disorder
37
Q

Example of anxiety disorders on DSM/ICD

A
  • Generalized anxiety disorder
  • Panic disorder
  • Agoraphobia
  • Social Phobia
  • Simple Phobia
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder
38
Q

Clinical features of generalised anxiety disorder

A

A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities
B. The person find it difficult to control the worry
C. Three (or more) of the following symptoms (with at least some symptoms present for more days than not)
(1) restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
(2) being easily fatigued
(3) difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
(4) irritability
(5) muscle tension
(6) sleep disturbances
D. Significant interference with the person’s functioning
E. Exclude substance effects, general medical conditions and other psychiatric disorders

39
Q

What is a panic attack

A 
Discrete episode of intense fear or dicomfort, in which four (or more) of the following symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes:
palpitations					
trembling or shaking	
shortness of breath				
chest pain or discomfort
nausea 					
fear of dying	
paresthesias					
sweating
Fear of losing control			
shortness of breath
derealization/depersonalization		
vertigo
chills or hot flushes

Frequency: 10-30 % of the general population

Risk marker for psychiatric disorders and risk factor for panic disorder

40
Q

PANIC DISORDER

A
  • Recurrent and unexpected panic attacks
  • At least one of the attacks has been followed by 1 month (or more) of the following:
    a) persistent concern about having additional attacks
    b) worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences (e.g. loosing control, having a heart attack, „going crazy“)
    c) significant change in behavior related to the attack
41
Q

AGORAPHOBIA

A

（病的な）外出嫌い

  • Anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult (or embarrasing) or in which help may not be available
  • Avoidance of the situations
42
Q

Neuroanatomy of panic disorder

A

Panic attack: reticular formation
Fear: Amygdala
Agoraphobia: preforntal cortex

43
Q

SOCIAL PHOBIA

A

A. Marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to possible scrutiny by others.
The individual fears that he or she will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will be humiliating or embarrassing
B. Exposure to the situation provokes an anxiety response
C. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive/unreasonable
D. The feared social or performance situations are avoided
E. Significant interference with the person’s functioning
F. Exclude substance effects, general medical conditions and other psychiatric disorders

Generalized: if the fears include most social situations
(also consider the additional diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder)

44
Q

SPECIFIC PHOBIA

A

A. Marked, persistent, excessive or unreasonable fear cued by the presence or anticipation of a specifc object or situation
B. Exposure provokes an anxiety response
C. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive/unreasonable
D. The phobic situation is avoided
E. Significant interference with the person’s functioning
F. Exclude other psychiatric disorders

Specific type: Animal type, Natural environment type (heights, storm, water), Blood-injection-injury type, Situational type (planes, elevators, enclosed places), Other type: situations that may lead to choking, vomiting, or contracting an illness

45
Q

POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

A

A. Traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others. The person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
B. The traumatic event is persistently reexperienced
C. Persistent avoidance and numbing
D. Persistent symptoms of increased arousal
E. Duration (symptoms in B, C and D) is more than 1 month
F. Significant interference with the person’s functioning

Acute: duration of symptoms is less than 3 months
Chronic: duration of symptoms is more than 3 months
With delayed onset: onset more than 6 months after the stressor

46
Q

LIFETIME-PREVALENCE OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

A 
Panic Disorder	3.2-3.6
Agoraphobia	2.1-10.9
Social Phobia	11.3-16.0
Simple Phobia	4.5-11.3
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	1.9-31.1
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	7.8
*Lifetime-comorbidity increase to 10-40% if a patient already has one
47
Q

TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

A 
-Effective and well tolerated treatment available:
Psychotherapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy	
Pharmacotherapy	
Antidepressants (SSRI) 
(Avoid benzodiazepines and neuroleptics)
-Individual treatment planning 
-Because the trend to become chronic and to be a risk factor for other psychiatric disorders (depression, substance disorder)

Need for
Early treatment
Maintenance treatment in selected patients

48
Q

NEW ANTIDEPRESSANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

A

Venlafaxine: effective in GAD, panic disorder and social phobia
Duloxetine: effective in GAD

49
Q

Treatment for simple phobia

A 
Behavioral Treatment (exposure)
Paroxetine (20 mg/die)
50
Q

What are the trends of treatment

A 
Learning and plasticity 
New drug targets:	NMDA and GABAA receptor subtypes
			Neuropeptides and HPA system
			Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
PTSD:	HPA system and hippocampal atrophy
51
Q

NMDA receptor drugs

A

Used for fear extinction
D-Cycloserine: partial agonist; facilitates exposure therapy
HA-966: antagonist
at the strychnine-insensitive glycine-recognition site of the NMDA receptor complex

52
Q

POSSIBLE TARGETS FOR ANXIOLYTICS

A
  • Receptor subtypes: GABA, 5HT, NMDA
  • Neuropeptides: NK-1-Antagonist, CRH-R1-Antagonist, ANP-R-Agonist, CCK-4-Antagonist
  • Modulation of Neuroactive steroids
  • Second messenger systems and growth factors
53
Q

What are neuropeptides/ Peptide hormones

A
  • Detectable in the CNS
  • Modulate neurotransmission
  • CNS-activity independent of peripheral effects
examples:
Corticotropin releasing hormon (CRH)
Cholecystokinine (CCK-4)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY)
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
54
Q

ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE (ANP)

A

• Peripheral release after atrial stretching
• Controls fluid regulation and hormonal secretion
• Neuromodulator
• Increased release during lactate-induced panic attacks (Possible reason for the lack of HPA activation
and Inhibits the sympathetic activity of the heart)
• Inhibits the HPA system (ACTH, prolactin, cortisol)
• Anxiolytic activity?

55
Q

Animal Models of ANxiety (MAN)

A

Induced by elevated plus maze

56
Q

What are current “effective” treatment to treat anxiety?

A

Effective treatment is available (CBT, AD) with new drug targets and treatment approaches have been generated

57
Q

Anxiety and HPA axis

A

Hypoactivity of the HPA system and hippocampal atrophy may be a vulnerability factor for PTSD

M2-4 (6 decks)

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