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Pharmacotherapy > Aerosols > Flashcards

Aerosols Flashcards

1
Q

An aerosol is a dispersion of

A

solid or liquid particles (typically <50 μm diameter) in a gas form

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2
Q

Advantages of the aerosol dosage forms

A
  • directly administered
  • Rapid onset
  • Regulated dosage
  • No contamination
  • Irritation minimized
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3
Q

Disadvantages of inhalation therapy?

A

variability of the bioavailable dose of the drug (coordination and penetration problems);

reduced duration of therapeutic effects

reduced aqueous solubility of drugs

low intracellular penetration of drugs

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4
Q

Aerosolized Preparations include?

A

Inhalations
Insufflators
Inhalants

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5
Q

What is an insufflator?

A

Powder blowers when fine powder is carried into the respiratory tract

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6
Q

What is an inhalant

A

Drugs with a high vapor pressure can simply be inhaled through the nose.

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7
Q

What is a nebulizer?

A

Used for inhalation therapy in hospitals (e.g. jet nebulizers and ultrasonic nebulizers)

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8
Q

What is an vaporizer?

A

To produce steam for humidification

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9
Q

Components of a pressurized aerosol?

A
  • Propellant
  • Product concentrate
    *Container
  • Valve and Actuator
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10
Q

Propellants do waht?

A

➔ to develop the proper pressure within the container
➔ expel the product
➔ aid in atomization or foam production

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11
Q

What are the types of propellants?

A

Chloro- fluoro hydrocarbons (Not common)

Non-ozone depleting fluorocarbons

Hydrocarbons (HC)

Compressed gases

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12
Q

What is the chemical description of Chloro- fluoro hydrocarbons?

A
  • Chemically inert
  • Not toxic (may be cardiotoxic or narcotic in
    very large doses)
  • Non-flammable, non-explosive
  • Non-polar, miscible with non-polar solvents
  • Capable of dissolving many substances
  • Gaseous at room temperature  liquefied by
    cooling or compression
  • phased out (effective April 1979) ozone depletion ***HUGE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
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13
Q

When are CFCs allowed to be used?

A

no technically feasible alternatives;

significant health/public benefit;

no significant release of CFC’s into the atmosphere.

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14
Q

What are HFA chemical description for propellants?

A

alternative to CFCs
non-flammable
non-ozone depleting
chemically inert and toxicologically safe

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15
Q

What is the suitable replacement for CFCs?

A

Hydrocarbons

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16
Q

What is the hydrocarbons chemical breakdown:

A

Hydrocarbons

Suitable replacement for CFCs

Immiscible with water Flammability
restricts their use

Used in foam and water-based aerosols only

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17
Q

By Changing the proportion propellants

A

any desired vapor pressure can be achieved

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18
Q

What are the compressed gases chemical nature?

A
  • limited value for aqueous products
  • applicable in topical preparations
  • product use → volume in the container decreases → pressure in the container drops (due to reduction in compression).
  • Examples:
    – Nitrogen
    – Nitrous oxide
    – Carbon dioxide
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19
Q

Examples of compressed gases

A

– Nitrogen
– Nitrous oxide
– Carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Examples of Hydrocarbons?

A

– propane
– butane
– isobutane

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21
Q

What is the solution systems?

A

Two phases include:
a solution of active ingredients in liquefied propellant and,

vaporized propellant.

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22
Q

How does the solution systems work?

A

On activation of the valve the pressure of the vapour phase causes the liquid phase containing the drug to rise up in the tube to be expelled from the container.

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23
Q

What is the issue with a suspension system?

A

valve clogging
inaccuracy of dosing
damage to the container
surfactants and lubricants - reduce agglomeration and to lubricate the particles in their passage through the valve orifices

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24
Q

What can occur in the suspension systems?

A

active ingredient dispersed in the propellant(s)
particle size
particle agglomeration

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25
Q

What is an emulsion system?

A

Three pahse sustem

26
Q

What is a foam systems?

A

Type of emulsion system that

  • Propellant in the internal phase (o/w emulsion)
    – 7-10% propellant used
    – Examples: steroid-containing foams, edible foams
  • Quick-breaking foams contain alcohol, water and surfactant
    – Examples: steroid, burn and other topical preparations
27
Q

What is a spray emulsion?

A

Propellant in the external phase (w/o emulsion)

– contain 25-30% propellant
– no foaming

28
Q

How do foams work?

A

Foams are produced when the product concentrate is dispersed throughout the propellant and the propellant is in the internal phase; i.e., the emulsion behaves like o/w emulsions

29
Q

What happens when the propellant is in the external phase like a w/o emulsion?

A

Foams are not created but sprays or wet streams result

30
Q

How do you increase the stability of foam preparations?

A

Surfactants

31
Q

Containers for pressurized aerosols MUST

A

withstand pressures as high as 140-180 psi at 55°C.

32
Q

Is the MDI an example of upright use of inverted use valve?

A

Inverted

33
Q

What is an inverted valve

A

no dip-tube

34
Q

What is an upright use valve

A

Contains a dip tube

35
Q

What is the average percent of product lost to the inner surface of adapter?

A

10%

36
Q

What is a non-pressurized pharmacuetical aerosol?

A

Breath actuated

Such as Respimat, of DPI

37
Q

What is an advantage of genuair?

A
38
Q

Overall advantages of pMDIs

A
39
Q

Overall Disadvantages of pMDIs

A
40
Q

Overall advantages of DPIs

A
41
Q

Disadvantages of DPIs

A
42
Q

What is a jet nebulizer?

A

pressurized jet air stream enters through a narrow tube (A) and is forced through a narrow opening called the venturi

43
Q

Ultrasonic nebulizers

A

produce aerosolized droplets using high-frequency sound waves

44
Q

INdication for inhalation therapy

A

➔ To provide oxygen in compromised
respiratory function - gases

➔ In general anesthesia - gases

➔ Bronchodilation - aerosols

➔ Decongestion – vapours/aerosols

➔ Inflammation - aerosols

➔ Systemic drug delivery - aerosols

45
Q

The efficiency of inhalation therapy depends on:

A

Particle deposition
Particle size
Speed of inspiration
Patient factors
Pulmonary clearance

46
Q

What type of cells line the Pharynx, Trachea, Bronchi

A

Goblet cells

47
Q

Deposition of drugs in lungs occur via three major mechanisms:

A

Inertial impaction
Gravitational settling
Diffusion

48
Q

Inertial impaction

A

occurs with larger (>3 μm), fast-moving particles.

49
Q

Gravitational settling

A

is a function of particle mass and time, with the rate of settling proportional to particle size and mass.

50
Q

Diffusion

A

occurs with particles smaller than 1 μm.

51
Q

Particle sizes greater then 10um?

A

are filtered in the nose and/or the oropharynx, largely by inertial impaction

52
Q

Particles of 5-10um

A

generally reach the proximal generations of the lower respiratory tract

53
Q

particles of 1–5 μm

A

reach to the lung periphery.

54
Q

What is MMAD?

A

mass median aerodynamic diameter

the particle size (in μm) above and below which 50% of the amount of drug is contained

55
Q

Where is the majority of drug lost?

A

The remaining drug is usually lost in the oropharynx

56
Q

Patient related factor/Clinical factors

A
57
Q

Drug-related factors

A
58
Q

How many days after not using does ventolin need to be primed?

A

5 days

59
Q

How many days after not using flovent does it need to be primed?

A

1 week

60
Q
A

Pharmacotherapy (6 decks)

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