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Aviation Whatnot > Aeromedical > Flashcards

Aeromedical Flashcards

Based on TC 3-04.93

1
Q

What is the mean temperature lapse rate?

A

2 degrees C per 1000 ft

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2
Q

What is the atmosphere primarily made up of?

A

Nitrogen

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3
Q

Define “hypoxia”.

A

It is the body’s lack of oxygen.

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4
Q

What are the four types of hypoxia?

A

Histotoxic
Hypemic
Hypoxic
Stagnant

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5
Q

Describe histotoxic hypoxia.

A

It is the inability for the tissue to use oxygen in the blood. It is brought on by alcohol and certain poisons.

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6
Q

Describe hypemic hypoxia.

A

The inability of blood to hold on to oxygen. It is brought on by smoking, carbon monoxide, nitrates, and sulfa drugs.

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7
Q

Describe hypoxic hypoxia.

A

It is the lack of oxygen in the air due to a lack of atmospheric pressure. It prevents the diffusion of oxygen from the lungs to the bloodstream.

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8
Q

Describe stagnant hypoxia.

A

Inadequate circulation of blood due to disrupted blood flow which can be due to gravitational forces.

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9
Q

What are the stages of hypoxic hypoxia?

A

Indifferent
Compensatory
Disturbance
Critical

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10
Q

Describe the indifferent stage of hypoxic hypoxia.

A

O2 levels are 98-90%.
Altitudes are 0-10,000 feet.

Side effects: Decreased night vision.

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11
Q

Describe the compensatory stage of hypoxic hypoxia.

A

O2 levels are 89-80%.
Altitudes are 10,000 to 15,000 feet.

Side effects: drowsiness, poor judgement, impaired coordination and efficiency.

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12
Q

Describe the disturbance stage of hypoxic hypoxia.

A

O2 levels are 79-70%.
Altitudes are 15,000 to 20,000 feet.

Side effects: Impaired flight control, handwriting, speech, vision, intellectual function, and judgement; decreased coordination, memory, and sensation to pain.

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13
Q

Describe the critical stage of hypoxic hypoxia.

A

O2 levels 69-60%.
Altitudes are 20,000 to 25,000 feet.

Side effects are circulatory and central nervous system failure; convulsions; cardiovascular collapse; death.

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14
Q

Define stress.

A

It is the body’s nonspecific response to a demand.

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15
Q

What are the four types of stressors?

A

Psychosocial, environmental, physiological (self-imposed), and cognitive.

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16
Q

What are psychosocial stressors?

A

They stem from life events, such as job stress, illness, and family issues.

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17
Q

What are environmental stressors?

A

Altitude, speed, hot/cold environment, aircraft design, airframe characteristics, instrument flight conditions.

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18
Q

What are the psyiological (self-imposed) stressors?

A 
Drugs
Exhaustion 
Alcohol
Tobacco 
Hypoglycemia
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19
Q

What are the considerations for drugs?

A

Self medication
Overdosing
Allergic reactions
Possible side-effects

Synergistic
Caffeine

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20
Q

What is fatigue?

A

The state of feeling tired, weary, or sleepy that results from prolonged mental or physical wrk, extended periods of anxiety, exposure to harsh environments, or loss of sleep. It can also be brought on by boring or monotonous tasks.

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21
Q

What are the three categories of fatigue?

A

Acute, chronic, and motivational burnout/exhaustion.

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22
Q

What is acute fatigue?

A

It is physical or mental activity between to regular sleep periods, for example, being up for more than 12 to 15 hours.

It is normally remedied after one regular sleep period.

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23
Q

What is chronic fatigue?

A

More serious than acute fatigue, it occurs over a longer period, and is typically the result of inadequate recovery from successive periods of acute fatigue.

It can take up to several weeks to correct for chronic fatigue.

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic fatigue?

A 
Poor judgement
Insomnia
Irritability
Loss of appetite
Slowed reaction time

Depressed mood
Poor motivation/performance
Weight loss

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25
Q

What is motivational exhaustion?

A

Chronic fatigue remains untreated for too long. Normally cease functioning occupationally and socially.

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26
Q

What is the day blind spot?

A

5.5 degrees to 7.5 degrees. It originates where the optic nerve attaches to the retina. It causes difficulty when individuals do not move their head or eyes but continue to look straight forward while an object is brought into the visual field.

27
Q

What are the three types of vision? Which is the most dangerous?

A

Photopic (day)
Mesopic (dusk) (most dangerous)
Scotopic (night) (visual acuity is 20/200)

28
Q

How long does it take for an individual to dark adapt?

A

30 to 45 minutes. It requires a build up of rhodopsin.

29
Q

Which types of vision use only cones? Which uses only rods? Which uses both?

A

Photopic, Scotopic, Mesopic

30
Q

What is the night blind spot?

A

It is 5 to 10 degrees wide. If an object is detected, it will fade away when stared at for longer than 2 seconds.

31
Q

Do brief flashes have any impact on night vision? At what point does it become detrimental?

A

No. When exposed for 1 second or longer.

32
Q

How long can it take for someone to re-dark adapt?

A

several to 45 minutes or longer

33
Q

How can one ease the process of dark-adapting before the sun goes down?

A

Sunglasses, red-lens glasses, and supplemental oxygen equipment.

34
Q

What measures can the crew take in the aircraft to ensure night vision is maintained?

A

Cockpit lighting to the lowest readable setting
Exterior light adjustment (dimmed or turned off)
Light flash compensation from ordinance

35
Q

What are some night vision techniques?

A

Off-center viewing

Scanning

36
Q

What are the monocular cues?

A

Geometric prospective
Retinal image size
Aerial perspective
Motion parallax

37
Q

What makes up geometric perspective?

A

Linear perspective
Apparent foreshortening
Vertical position in the field

38
Q

What makes up retinal image size?

A

Known size of objects
Increasing/decreasing size
Terrestrial association
Overlapping contours

39
Q

What makes up aerial perspective?

A

Fading of colors or shades
Loss of texture/detail
Position of light source

40
Q

What is the motion parallax?

A

It is where objects further away seemingly take longer to move than objects that are closer to you.

41
Q

What effect does tobacco have on night vision?

A

The individual looses about 20% of their night vision capability.

42
Q

Define spatial disorientation.

A

It is the inability of the person to determine position, attitude, and motion relative to the Earth’s surface.

43
Q

What are the three types of spatial disorientation? Which is the most dangerous?

A 
Type I (unrecognized) (most dangerous)
Type II (recognized)
Type III (incapacitating)
44
Q

Describe unrecognized spatial disorientation.

A

The person does not perceive any indication of SD or think anything is wrong.

45
Q

What are the recognized types of spatial disorientation?

A

The pilot perceives a problem resulting from SD but might not recognize it as SD. An example is the graveyard spiral.

46
Q

What is the incapacitating type of spatial disorientation?

A

Crewmember can not orientate using visual cues or the aircraft instruments.

47
Q

The vestibular illusions can be broken down into what two subcategories?

A

Somatogyral and somatogravic

48
Q

What are the somatogyral illusions?

A

Angular acceleration and deceleration

The leans (pilot fails to perceive angular motion)

Graveyard spiral (Pilot enters a spin and remains in it for several seconds. It will reach equilibrium and no motion will be perceived).

Criolis illusion (most dangerous, results in head-over-heels sensation)

49
Q

What are the somatogravic illusions?

A

Oculgravic illusions (sense a nose-high or nose-low illusion and try to correct for it)

Oculoagravic (downward movement of an aircraft. Intuitive reaction is to add aft cyclic, which decreases airspeed below desired levels)

Elevator (upward acceleration, pilots eyes track down, sense nose high attitude)

50
Q

How do you prevent spatial disorientation?

A

Never fly without visual references
Never fly VMC/IMC at the same time
Avoid fatigue, smoking, hypoglycemia, and anxiety
Trust your instruments

51
Q

How do you treat spatial disorientation?

A

Delay intuitive reaction
Refer to the instruments
Transfer the controls

52
Q

What are the visual illusions?

A 
False horizons
Fixation/fascination
Flicker vertigo
Confusion w ground lights
Relative motion
Altered perspective
Size-height
Height-depth
Crater illusion
Autokinesis 
Reversed perspective
Structural illusions
53
Q

The visual system provides about __% of orientation in humans.

A

80

54
Q

What are the two components of the vestibular system? What is the purpose of the vestibular system?

A

The vestibular system detects motion and gravity.

It is made up of the semi-circular canals and otolith organs.

55
Q

What do the otolith organs provide us?

A

Response to gravity and linear acceleration/deceleration.

56
Q

What do the semi-circular organs provide us?

A

They sense angular acceleration and react to changes in roll. pitch, or yaw attitude.

57
Q

What is the temporary flight restriction for local anestesia? For general/spinal/epidoural?

A

12 hours

48 hours

58
Q

What is the temporary flight restriction for alcohol?

A

12 hours after the last drink and until no residual effects remain

59
Q

What is the temporary flight restriction for immunizations?

A

12 hours

60
Q

What is the temporary flight restriction for blood/plasma donations? How frequently can you donate?

A

Blood: 200cc or more is 72 hours
Plasma: 24 hours
Twice a year

61
Q

Flight crews will not preform high altitude flight duties for __ hours after exposure to hypobaric chamber runs in excess of 25,000 feet.

A

24

62
Q

Aircrews exhibiting symptoms of simulator sickness will be restricted from actual flight for ___ hours following full resolution of symptoms.

A

12

63
Q

Aircrews are restricted from flying duties for a minimum of __ hours after centrifuge runs.

A

6

Aviation Whatnot (4 decks)

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